BACKGROUND When growing in reciprocal patches in terms of availability of different resources, connected ramets of clonal plants will specialize to acquire and exchange locally abundant resources more efficiently. This has been termed division of labour. We asked whether division of labour can occur physiologically as well as morphologically and will increase with patch contrasts. METHODOLOGY...

Metabolisms of energy in society and space are predicated upon human labour, ways that often poorly recognized relation to the global climate challenge. I synthesize interrogate existing scholarship on relationship between labour across different spatio-temporal contexts, so as reveal overlapping networks bind workers, consumers producers. Drawing geographical, feminist, social practice politic...

Social animals vary in their ability to compete with group members over shared resources and also vary in their cooperative efforts to produce these resources. Competition among groups can promote within-group cooperation, but many existing models of intergroup cooperation do not explicitly account for observations that group members invest differentially in cooperation and that there are often...