Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), a known endocrine disruptor and one of the phthalate esters (PAEs), is a ubiquitous pollutant. Its impacts on living organisms have aroused great concern. In this study, the impacts of DMP contamination on bacterial communities and functions were tested by using microcosm model in black soils. The results showed that the operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) richness and b...

For many goods and services, such as cellular-phone service and debit-card transactions, the marginal price of the next unit of service depends on past usage. As a result, consumers who are inattentive to their past usage may be aware of contract terms and yet remain uncertain about the marginal price of the next unit. I develop a model of inattentive consumption, derive equilibrium pricing whe...

This paper proposes a class of nonlinear stochastic volatility models. The proposed class encompasses many parametric stochastic volatility models that have appeared in the literature, including the well known lognormal stochastic volatility model. The new class is based on the Box-Cox transformation and offers an alternative to the one introduced in Andersen (1994). An advantage of our propose...

This paper formulates and analyzes a relatively simple model of duopoly pricing under conditions of fluctuating demand. Price-setting firms produce a homogenous product subject to increasing marginal cost of production. We focus on static Nash equilibria in price choices and examine the impact of varying the level of demand on equilibrium price levels, markups of price over marginal cost, and p...

iran is one of the most energy-rich countries subsidizing energy carriers, especially in the agricultural sector, to the extent that the resulting growth is at the expense of the environment. this study tries to investigate the potential impacts of energy price reform on the agro-environment, based on the marginal abatement costs (macs) of emissions. firstly, the energy demand function of the a...

According to “Hotelling rule” price of an “exhaustible resource” exceeds its marginal cost of production in perfect competition equilibrium by amount equal to the opportunity cost of depleting the resource now rather than next periods. This cost is called “scarcity rent”. Oil price exceeds its marginal extraction costs significantly. This can be attributed two different sources: effect of scarc...

BACKGROUND The co-occurance of multiple medical conditions has a negative impact on health related quality of life (HRQoL) for patients with type 2 diabetes. These patients demand for intensified care programs. Participation in a disease management program (DMP) for type 2 diabetes has shown to counterbalance this effect. However, it remains unclear which dimensions of HRQoL are influenced by t...

The literature on competing auctions offers a model where sellers compete for buyers by setting reserve prices. An outstanding conjecture (e.g., Peters and Severinov 1997) is that the sellers post prices close to their marginal costs when the market becomes large. This conjecture is confirmed in this paper: we show that if all sellers have zero costs, then the equilibrium reserve price converge...

This set of lecture notes is concerned with the following pair of ideas and concepts: 1) The Skorokhod Embedding problem (SEP) is, given a stochastic process X = (Xt)t≥0 and a measure μ on the state space of X, to find a stopping time τ such that the stopped process Xτ has law μ. Most often we take the process X to be Brownian motion, and μ to be a centred probability measure. 2) The standard a...