It is necessary for autonomous ground vehicles operating on outdoor terrains to identify and adapt to different terrains in order to improve their mobility and safety. This work presents a classification scheme to identify outdoor terrains and an update rule to reduce the possibility of implementing control modes based on classification inaccuracies. A laser stripe-based structured light sensor...

Rivers are important water resources for human life, but sometimes cause irreparable damages. The flood plains are fertile terrains which are endangered by flood. Flood hazard mapping is one of the basic methods in flood fighting. In order to decline flood damages, the simulation of the hydraulic behavior of the rivers during flood occurrence is very important. In this study, areas that are flo...

Que peut-on apprendre de l’observation, dans une même enquête, terrains et cas qui sont habituellement étudiés séparément ? Quel est l’intérêt heuristique cette comparaison Le présent article propose répondre à ces questions travers l’exemple d’une étude sociologique portant sur les savoirs institutions d’enseignement. Dans enquête terrain, j’ai observé simultanément la transmission des deux d’...

When an immobile prey has detected an immobile predator nearby, predation risk is greater when the predator is closer. Consequently, prey flee with shorter latency as standing distance (predator-prey distance when both are still) decreases. Since it was first reported in 2009, this relationship has been confirmed in the few species studied. However, little is known about the functional relation...

Predation is a fundamental interaction between species, yet it is unclear what escape strategies are effective for prey survival. Classical theory proposes that prey should either escape in a direction that conforms to a performance optimum or that is random and therefore unpredictable. Here, we show that larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) instead use a mixed strategy that may be either random or d...

Predator-prey interactions are commonly studied with an interest in determining the optimal strategy for prey. However, the implications of deviating from optimal strategy are often unclear. The present study considered these consequences by studying how the direction of an escape response affects the strategy of prey fish. We simulated these interactions with numerical and analytical mathemati...