Frey proposed the idea of ‘disguising’ an elliptic curve. This is a method to obtain a ‘black box’ representation of a group. We adapt this notion to finite fields and tori and study the question of whether such systems are secure. Our main result is an algebraic attack which shows that it is not secure to disguise the torus T2. We also show that some methods for disguising an elliptic curve ar...

In 1977, R. B. Angell presented a logic for analytic containment, a notion of “relevant” implication stronger than Anderson and Belnap’s entailment. In this paper I provide for the first time the logic of first degree analytic containment, as presented in [2] and [3], with a semantical characterization—leaving higher degree systems for future investigations. The semantical framework I introduce...

Background: Truth disclosure is one of the major challenges for physicians with cancer patients. The attitude toward breaking news adopted by individuals depends on their cultural background. The present study was conducted at Ardabil University of Medical sciences, Ardabil, Iran, to investigate the attitudes of Turkish-speaking patients with cancer and their families to the disclosure of bad n...

Logic programming has generally been developed in a Classical two-valued setting; there are no “degrees of truth”. What we propose here is the introduction of more general spaces of truth values, reading truth values as “evidence factors”. Then conventional logic programming may be seen as the special case in which only total evidence is acceptable, and so the space of evidences degenerates to ...