Motor output capabilities of the forelimb representation of dorsal motor area (PMd) and ventral motor area (PMv) were compared with primary motor cortex (M1) in terms of latency, strength, sign, and distribution of effects. Stimulus-triggered averages (60 microA) of electromyographic activity collected from 24 forelimb muscles were computed at 314 tracks in 2 monkeys trained to perform a reach-...

In high bit rate optical fiber communication systems, Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is one of the main factors to signal distortion and needs to be compensated. PMD monitoring system is the key integral part of an adaptive PMD compensator. The degree of polarization (DOP) ellipsoid obtained by using a polarization scrambler can be used as a feedback signal for automatic PMD compensation. G...

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is caused in most cases by either duplications or point mutations in the PLP1 gene. This disease, a dysmyelinating disorder affecting mainly the central nervous system, has a wide clinical spectrum and its causing mutations act through different molecular mechanisms. Eighty-eight male patients with leukodystrophy were studied. PLP1 gene analysis was performed ...

We propose a Michelson-interferometer-type polarization-mode-dispersion (PMD) compensator with one polarization beam splitter and quarter-wave plates. We experimentally demonstrate the proposed PMD compensator with fiber devices and show the PMD compensation ability to be 104 ps by the fixed-analyzer method.

Introduction: In high-speed fibre-optic communication systems, polarisation-mode dispersion (PMD) is one of the most important factors of performance degradation. In-situ monitoring of PMD in live, multichannel WDM systems will be a key requirement for future dynamic optical networks to ensure quality of operation. Especially, for optical links with exceptionally high PMD values, an in-situ mon...

This study identified casualty crash types for which teen drivers experience excess risk relative to adults. Michigan State Police crash records were used to examine casualty crashes in two statewide populations of drivers who experienced at least one crash from 1989-1996 (pre-graduated driver licensing in Michigan): teens (ages 16-19) and adults (ages 45-65). Rates and rate ratios (RR) based o...

There is increasing evidence from observational studies that breast cancer risk is inversely associated with soy and green tea consumption. We investigated the effects of these two dietary agents on mammographic density, a well-established biomarker for breast cancer risk, in a cross-sectional analysis of mammograms and validated food frequency questionnaires from 3,315 Chinese women in Singapo...

Mechanically stressed cells display increased levels of fos message and protein. Although the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for FOS induction have been extensively characterized, we still do not understand the nature of the primary cell mechanotransduction event responsible for converting an externally acting mechanical stressor into an intracellular signal cascade. We now report...

Compensation of Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) induced by a chirped Bragg grating is performed using a short length of highly birefringent fiber. A recirculating loop experiment demonstrates complete PMD compensation of the chirped Bragg grating. This simple method can be extended to deterministic PMD compensation of any components. Introduction: Pulse broadening induced by PMD is now an im...