Mitochondrial genomes represent an important data source for phylogenetic analyses. Thirty-seven genes encoding for 13 protein subunits, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs are usually present in a bilaterian mitochondrial genome (Boore, 1999; Wolstenholme, 1992). Additionally, a noncoding control region can be identiWed in most cases, probably bearing the transcription initiation sites. DiVerent rates of evo...

assume that $(n,l)$, is a pair of finite dimensional nilpotent lie algebras, in which $l$ is non-abelian and $n$ is an ideal in $l$ and also $mathcal{m}(n,l)$ is the schur multiplier of the pair $(n,l)$. motivated by characterization of the pairs $(n,l)$ of finite dimensional nilpotent lie algebras by their schur multipliers (arabyani, et al. 2014) we prove some properties of a pair of nilpoten...

Polymer materials have been used for electronic, optical and bio micro/nano devices. Polymer device fabrication technologies based on replication methods including hot embossing (Becker & Heim, 2000; Park et al., 2003; Shinohara et al., 2007b), injection molding (Becker et al., 1986; Svedberg et al., 2003), ultraviolet (UV) imprinting (Haisma et al., 1996; Kawaguchi et al., 2007; Shinohara et a...

is consensual due to the dissimilar genetic characteristics or discriminatory power of the loci enrolled in each of those. Although it is assumed that the typing schemes should ideally ensure that the chosen loci are stable over the course of evolution, this issue is of difficult assessment. Labiran et al. (2012) have now presented a study where they have assessed the stability of some regions ...

While providing a powerful approach for studying epidermal biology, cultured keratinocytes may imperfectly model a three-dimensional epidermis in which cells are architecturally ordered. We report two important examples of the limitations of cultured keratinocytes in understanding vitamin D receptor (VDR) photobiology in murine skin. Recently, the vitamin D signaling pathway has been implicated...

Neural stem cells have the capacity to self-renew, proliferate, and give rise to lineage-restricted neuronal and/or glial progenitor cells and postmitotic specialized daughter cells. Neural progenitor cells located in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) give rise to immature neurons. These then migrate to the granule cell layer, where they differentiate into granule neurons tha...

This expectation is supported by the results of many observational studies with ISO, SCUBA, and now Spitzer, which provide evidence of strong evolution in number density and luminosity of dusty starbursts at z>1 (Elbaz et al. 2002; Chapman et al. 2003; Marleau et al. 2004; Yan et al. 2004; Le Floch et al. 2004). Therefore, high-z, dusty infrared luminous sources are believed to play a critical ...

that act as posttranscriptional repressors by binding to the 3′UTR of target mRNAs (Lee et al. 1993; Reinhart et al. 2000; Bartel 2004; Kloosterman and Plasterk 2006). In animals, mature miRNAs are generated from a primary transcript (pri-miRNA) through sequential cleavage by nucleases belonging to the RNAse III family. Initially, Drosha cleaves the pri-miRNA and excises a stem-loop precursor (...

Grain-scale surface roughening due to plastic straining in polycrystalline aluminum is studied with the aid of a three-dimensional finite-element crystal-plasticity model. An improved understanding of the origin of surface roughening profiles in plastically strained aluminum is sought. Large-scale, Direct Numerical Simulation enables the computation of full-field solutions and the explicit cons...

We explore the large angular scale temperature anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) due to homogeneous local dust-filled voids in a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe with a cosmological constant. In comparison with the equivalent dust-filled void model in the Einstein-de Sitter background, we find that the anisotropy for compensated asymptotically expanding local voids c...