25 Early visual motion signals are local and one-dimensional (1D). For specification of 26 global 2D motion vectors, the visual system should appropriately integrate these signals 27 across orientation and space. Previous neurophysiological studies have suggested that 28 this integration process consists of two computational steps (estimation of local 2D 29 motion vectors followed by their spat...

While one-dimensional Hidden Markov Models have been very successfully applied to numerous problems, their extension to two dimensions has been shown to be exponentially complex, and this has very much restricted their usage for problems such as image analysis. In this paper we propose a novel algorithm which is able to approximate the search for the best state path (Viterbi decoding) in a 2D H...

BACKGROUND Previous studies of mechanical strain anomalies in myocardial infarction (MI) have been largely limited to analysis of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) strain parameters. Advances in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) methods now permit a complete three-dimensional (3D) interrogation of myocardial regional strain. The aim of this study was to investigate the increme...

We report that two-dimensional (2D) sub-diffraction-limited images can be theoretically reconstructed by a new metamaterial far-field superlens. The metamaterial far-field superlens, composed of a metal-dielectric multilayer and a one-dimensional (1D) subwavelength grating, can work over a broad range of visible wavelengths intrinsically. The imaging principle and the reconstruction process are...

Femtosecond pump-probe measurements find pronounced dimensionality dependence of the optical nonlinearity in cuprates. Although the coherent twophoton absorption (TPA) and linear absorption bands nearly overlap in both quasi-one and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) cuprates, the TPA coefficient is one order of magnitude smaller in 2D than in 1D. Furthermore, picosecond recovery of optical transparen...

Velocity map imaging (VMI) is used in mass spectrometry and in angle resolved photo-electron spectroscopy to determine the lateral momentum distributions of charged particles accelerated towards a detector. VM-images are composed of projected Newton spheres with a common centre. The 2D images are usually evaluated by a decomposition into base vectors each representing the 2D projection of a set...

Helicopter-borne frequency-domain electromagnetic (HEM) surveys are used extensively for mineral and groundwater exploration and a number of environmental investigations. To have a meaningful interpretation of the measured multi- frequency HEM data, in addition to the resistivity maps which are provided in each frequency or for some particular depth levels, it is a necessity ...

We review recent experimental and theoretical studies on two-dimensional (2D) melting in the presence of a one-dimensional (1D) periodic potential. It is demonstrated that a colloidal suspension which is exposed to the interference pattern of two overlapping laser beams show a phase behaviour being totally different from that of 2D systems on homogeneous substrates. This is attributed to the ro...

Moiré superlattices were generated in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructures and have revealed intriguing electronic structures. The appearance of mini-Dirac cones within the conduction and valence bands of graphene is one of the most striking among the new quantum features. A Moiré superstructure emerges when at least two periodic sub-structures superimpose. 2D Moiré patterns have...