C omplex physical systems exist simultaneously as an interacting combination of atomisms and as a coherent field, itself an atomism on another level of interaction [1, p 37–38]. “Complex systems have embedded interiors with many interacting parts, networks, and fields. From a mechanical point of view, emergent field processes often lead to ‘surprising’ results that are not reducible to a mechan...

Early state societies (civilizations) developed in areas of the world where intensive agricultural systems could be developed to produce food on the scale necessary to support relatively large and dense populations. The centralized structure of these states contributed to the process of intensification and agricultural investment, though in most cases direct state involvement appears not to hav...

We speculate about possible cosmic exploration by extraterrestrial civilizations using interstellar smart probes. We call attention to some emerging technologies that may be used for interstellar exploration. We estimate that advanced civilizations may already have these technologies and may be using them to contact their galactic neighbors. We explore some observational consequences of these c...

The complexity of modern political and legal relations that arise with the onset international responsibility significantly increases importance developing a methodological basis for concept state under law. article highlights study sphere states. reveals content civilizational, axiological, historical-legal conceptual-comparative approaches, which contributes to deeper understanding nature law...