The purpose of prenatal diagnosis tests is insisting of diagnosis of neonatal disorders, preparing a range of informed choices and making couples at risk to be ready for having children with genetic disorders as well. The aim of this article is to investigate all of the tests in order to determine the best one which has the lowest risk and the highest sensitivity. Screening tests (maternal bloo...

These notes detail my 40-minute lecture given 11 June 1995 as part of the Seventh Annual Intensive Review of Internal Medicine, a symposium conducted by the Cleveland Clinic. I was asked to review how probability is used with diagnostic testing. Our main question is: How can diagnostic results and other information about a patient be used to estimate the chance that he/she has a particular “dis...

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The approach to testing for tuberculosis depends on whether the aim is to diagnose active disease or latent infection. if active disease is suspected, it is important to identify the site of disease. Analysis of sputum specimens for mycobacteria should precede other tests. An infection should never be diagnosed as latent until active disease...

1. Methods in Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Operations Research–MECOR–program, American Thoracic Society/Asociación Latinoamericana del Tórax, Montevideo, Uruguay. 2. Divisão de Pneumologia, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil. 3. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern Cali...

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The Microsporidia are a ubiquitous group of eukaryotic obligate intracellular parasites which were recognized over 100 years ago with the description of Nosema bombycis, a parasite of silkworms. It is now appreciated that these organisms are related to the Fungi. Microsporidia infect all major animal groups most often as gastrointestinal pathogens; however they have been reported from every tis...

ISSN 2277 5048 | © 2012 Bonfring Abstract--The use of routine laboratory tests in diagnosing disease is becoming of increasing importance. This emphasizes to test the efficiency of diagnostic tests, since relatively few diagnostic tests correctly classify all subjects tested as diseased or well. The more usual situation is one in which some well subjects are classified as diseased and some dise...

1. Methods in Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Operations Research–MECOR–program, American Thoracic Society/Asociación Latinoamericana del Tórax, Montevideo, Uruguay. 2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (CA) USA. 3. Divisão de Pneumologia, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São...