diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in the world. strict control of blood sugar, blood pressure, laser therapy, pharmacotherapy and vitrectomy are of among common diabetic retinopathy treatments. further studies to investigate the effect of protein kinase c inhibitors, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, growth hormone and other proposed treatments for diabetic retinopa...

A number of controversies exist regarding the pathophysiology, natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Although CTEPH is regarded by many to be a complication of pulmonary embolism (PE) arising subsequent to venous thromboembolism (VTE)-the embolic hypothesis-it has been suggested that PE is rarely the sole cause of CTEPH and that prim...

56 years old lady with recent history of Inferior MI, and also found to have Spontaneous coronary artery dissection RCA on angiography. She has hypertension is an ex-smoker. MRI head was previously done showing evidence small vessel disease 2 lacunar infarcts. Underlying vasculitis were suspected, therefore specialist suggested further investigations exclude extra arteriopathy, which led the CT...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for ischemic stroke in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS From January 2010 to December 2012, 519 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery were analyzed prospectively. The sample was divided into two groups: patients with stroke per and postoperative were allocated in Group GS (n=22) and the other patients i...

Abstract Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a hereditary vascular disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. MRI plays crucial role the diagnosis follow-up of patients. Characteristic lesions include symmetric bilateral white matter periventricular hyperintensities, lacunar infarcts cerebral microbleeds. In our case r...

Much evidence supports the conclusion that immunological responses to donor-specific incompatibilities are a major factor in producing "chronic" transplant rejection, including the arteriopathy (atherosclerosis) commonly present. Our experiments explored the effects of altered immunological responsiveness to these Ags on the formation of arteriopathy in transplanted mouse hearts. Specific immun...

BACKGROUND Isolated pulmonary hypertension secondary to systemic sclerosis is not uncommon. Our patient with systemic sclerosis presented with a very aggressive form of pulmonary hypertension due to a lethal combination of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and pulmonary arterial thrombosis. This combined presentation has never before been reported in medical literature. CASE REPORT A 75...