climate change impacts are seen within growing numbers of cities in low- and middle-income countries, so there is growing interest in the adaptation and mitigation plans and programs put forward by city authorities. this paper aims to provide a better understanding of the constraints which cities face them in this subject by analyzing the case of tehran. city has a commitment to decentralizatio...

In Iran, new centralization characteristic, especially during Pahlavi dynasty, has been convergence and its vast use in bureaucracy. Historical sociological studies have consensus on the issues of centralization, power centralization, and political sovereignty in Iran; however, these issues have some divisional interruptions and different levels of strength in some parts of the history. This es...

experiences from urban development plans and assessments of their concrete and tangible results in the past decades indicate lack of adequate success of our urbanization system to responding needs of our citizens. this has resulted in need to find a fundamental solution to transforming the centralized system into decentralized. recent changes in regard to a change of approach from master plan t...

Tourism as a necessity for economic development in many countries, therefore, in this study we intended to investigate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Halal tourism in Gilan province, by using SWOT model to introduce strategic solutions to further developments. This study is practical based on questionnaire in terms of practical objectives, in terms of data collection. T...

ecological capability evaluation and landuse planning can determine the best landuses and are important for the proper planning and sustainable development. there are various methods for ecological capability evaluation. in this research have been studied two methods (land use planning method with makhdoom ecological modsels) and (geomorphology method) for ecological capability evaluation in ne...

"This paper provides a one-period normative model that may be used as a guide or benchmark by which the economic planner may develop policies and plans for regional economic development. The model can accomodate a region that could be as large as a small country or as small as a city, provided sufficient relevant data are available." The authors outline "a procedure for modeling and solving ec...

A case study examines the Nigerian effort to finance their communication industry. The study revealed that except during the period 1981-85, planned public investment in the communication sector has been moderately high at a level of 6.1% of aggregate ex ante expenditure. For the period 1960-80, actual communications expenditure as a ratio of actual total expenditure was lower at an average o...