There is a paradox in the model of social dynamics determined by voting in a stochastic environment (the ViSE model) called “pit of losses.” It consists in the fact that a series of democratic decisions may systematically lead the society to the states unacceptable for all the voters. The paper examines how this paradox can be neutralized by the presence in society of a group that votes for its...

This study addressed the reforming of an online civic education tutorial at the Indonesia Open University or Universitas Terbuka (UT). Several contemporary literatures were reviewed to determine best practices, including social constructivism and a democratic form of teaching. Constructed from the review of literature, the paper proposed a new model of pedagogical approach to the existing pract...

The participation of citizens in a democratic government is often influenced by the media, particularly new communication technologies. The differences between mass media and new media are pertinent to understanding how each works to shape our opinions and perceptions. Students need to understand the role of both traditional mass media outlets and new media in shaping public participation in ou...

The elite in a democratic society is contradictory, and one might even say paradoxical phenomenon. On the hand, elite, due to their monopoly on resource, controls determines life of society. Consequently, they are most important, necessary part social mechanism. other very existence contradicts principles democracy, especially extreme form which these understood now. This contradiction difficul...