We discuss the properties of signal strength and integrated intensity in two-photon excitation confocal microscopy image scanning microscopy. The resolution, optical sectioning background rejection are all improved over nonconfocal Replacing pinhole with a detector array increases peak point spread function. outer pixels give signals from defocused regions, thus processing these, such as throug...

We demonstrated a switchable reflective lens based on choleteric liquid crystal (CLC) with a plano-convex shape. The plano-convex CLC lens was fabricated by assembling a planar substrate and a concave substrate. The reflective CLC lens exhibits wavelength selectivity and handedness sensitivity like the conventional CLC cell. The plano-convex CLC lens acts as a biconvex lens with the same curvat...

A method is presented to reconstruct the structure of a scattering object from data acquired with a photon scanning tunneling microscope. The data may be understood to form a Gabor type near-field hologram and are obtained at a distance from the sample where the field is defocused and normally uninterpretable. Object structure is obtained by the solution of the inverse scattering problem within...

The use of fuzzy-logic techniques on the correlation output plane is analyzed as a method to improve the discrimination capabilities of pattern-recognition procedures. The study is divided into two parts: one recounts a computer-simulated example corresponding to pattern recognition by the use of input images that may be defocused, tilted, or corrupted by additive Gaussian noise, and the second...

A recently proposed flexible 3D shape measurement technique using a defocused projector [Opt. Lett. 34, 3080 (2009)] shows great potential because of its elimination of projector's gamma calibration. However, it cannot handle step-height surfaces. I present here a technique to extend its measurement range to an arbitrary shape by integrating a binary coding method. A computational framework is ...

We present energy filtered holography experiments on a thin foil of Al. By propagating the reduced density matrix of the probe electron through the microscope, we quantitatively predict the fringe contrast as a function of energy loss. Fringe contrast simulations include the effect of Fresnel fringes created at the edges of the defocused biprism, the effect of partial coherence in combination w...