Abstract In insects, larval and adult defenses against predators have been well studied. However, pupal (also known as resting stage) overlooked not examined thoroughly. Although some pupa possess antipredator strategies such hairs, spines, cryptic coloration, exudation of chemicals, few studies tested these responses the factors affecting them. Here, we investigated behavioral in tobacco hornw...

This paper provides a concise evaluation of Dutch defense strategies against the threats of the sea level rise as a consequence of global climate change. A set of (external) event scenarios for sea level rise is described ranging from a modest to a dramatic rise. Next, four different policy response scenarios are presented, while their related costs are confronted with the threats of the event ...

An experiment was conducted to identify the biochemical defense enzymes, viz. catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and total phenol responsible for resistance against A. solani in resistant (cv. H-88-78-1) susceptible (Punjab Chhuhara) cultivars of tomato after application Amistar 25 SC (azoxystrobin 0.1%) during 2015 crop season. Azoxystrobin applied their effica...