We investigated the applicability of probabilistic context-free grammars to syllabi cation and grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. The results show that the standard probability model of context-free grammars performs very well in predicting syllable boundaries. However, our results indicate that the standard probability model does not solve grapheme-to-phoneme conversion su ciently although, we va...

We address a key problem in grapheme-tophoneme conversion: the ambiguity in mapping grapheme units to phonemes. Rather than using single letters and phonemes as units, we propose learning chunks, or subwords, to reduce ambiguity. This can be interpreted as learning a lexicon of subwords that has minimum description length. We implement an algorithm to build such a lexicon, as well as a simple d...

An Italian patient with a pure dysgraphia who incorrectly spelled words and nonwords is described. The spelling errors made by the patient were not affected by lexical factors (e.g., frequency, form class) and were qualitatively the same for words and nonwords. The pattern of writing performance is discussed in relation to current models of writing and, specifically, in relation to the role of ...

In this paper, a continuum model is proposed so that a Stone-Wales (SW) defected carbon nanotube (CNT) is replaced by an initial circumferential crack in a continuum cylindrical shell. For this purpose, the critical energy release rate and then the fracture toughness of a defected CNT are calculated using the results of an existing atomistic-based continuum finite element simulation. Finally, t...

A scheme for designing reconfigurable parallel-coupled-line bandpass filters using a SPDT MEMS switch, capable of operating at two different passband is presented. The spurious resonance of the filter has been removed by using defected ground structures to obtain better stopband performance. A proto-type filter with passband center frequency around 3.5 GHz and 5.0 GHz has been designed. The sim...

In synesthesia, certain stimuli ("inducers") may give rise to perceptual experience in additional modalities not normally associated with them ("concurrent"). For example, color-grapheme synesthetes automatically perceive achromatic numbers as colored (e.g., 7 is turquoise). Although synesthetes know when a given color matches the one evoked by a certain number, colors do not automatically give...

Synesthesia provides an elegant model to investigate neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in subjective experience in humans. In grapheme-color synesthesia, written letters induce color sensations, accompanied by activation of color area V4. Competing hypotheses suggest that enhanced V4 activity during synesthesia is either induced by direct bottom-up cross-activation from graphe...

Grapheme-color synaesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which particular graphemes, such as the numeral 9, automatically induce the simultaneous perception of a particular color, such as the color red. To test whether the concurrent color sensations in grapheme-color synaesthesia are treated as meaningful stimuli, we recorded event-related brain potentials as 8 synaesthetes and 8 matched co...

Mirandese is the second official language in Portugal. For ages it was only preserved as an oral language and it was the object of a recent orthographic convention. This paper describes our efforts in porting our grapheme-to-phone module from European Portuguese to Mirandese. We describe the main differences between the two languages that can affect this module and the set of new SAMPA symbols ...