Five contrasting deciduous forest stands were studied to characterise the spatial structural 23 variability in human-influenced forests. These stands are representative of cultural forest types 24 widely represented in western Europe: one plantation, two coppices, one wood-pasture, and one 25 high forest stand. All stems with DBH > 5 cm were measured and mapped, and stem DBH 26 distributions, s...

Mangrove forests of a single trees species, Avicennia marina subsp. australasica are widespread in the upper North Island of New Zealand, but there is little available information on the diversity of epiphytes such as lichens within them. A survey of 200 trees from 20 mangrove sites recorded a total of 106 lichen species from 45 genera. Two of these species are considered to be 'Threatened', fi...

Abstract Aboveground biomass is usually estimated using an allometric method. Diameter at breast height (DBH) one of the important variables that used in estimating aboveground biomass. There a relationship between values with size trees, DBH, tree height, crown diameter and greenness trees. In remote sensing, biophysical parameters can be derived from digital image processing trees assessed no...

beech forests in midland areas of hyrcanian forests of iran are the most important forests having the highest degree of naturalness. these forests are the valuable source of wood production and other forest products. one of the most important characteristics of plant communities is the spatial pattern of trees. ecological process in forest ecosystems are directly influenced by the spatial patte...

Large-diameter trees dominate the structure, dynamics and function of many temperate and tropical forests. Although both scaling theory and competition theory make predictions about the relative composition and spatial patterns of large-diameter trees compared to smaller diameter trees, these predictions are rarely tested. We established a 25.6 ha permanent plot within which we tagged and mappe...

During June to October 2000 and 2001 we measured the height, Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and stand density of Betula ermanii trees at Mt. Mae-Shirane, Japan and the ozone concentration there to explore the relationship between ozone concentration and the decline of B. ermanii trees on the mountain. Height, DBH and stem volume were lower on the southeast-facing slope than on the northwest-fa...

Pine-oak forests are of high ecological importance worldwide, but many are threatened by uncharacteristically severe wildfire. Forest restoration treatments, including the reintroduction of a surface fire regime, are intended to decrease fire hazard and emulate historic ecosystem structure and function. Restoration has recently received much management attention and short-term study, but little...

The classical environmental control model assumes that species diversity is primarily determined by environmental conditions (e.g., microclimate and soil) on the local scale. This assumption has been challenged by the neutral theory that assumes that the maintenance of biodiversity mainly depends on the ecological drift and dispersal limitation. Understanding the mechanisms that maintain biodiv...

period (5 years) after updating the individual tree-mortality submodel in FVS’s Southern variant (Radtke et al. 2012). On the other hand, Rijal et al. (2012a, 2012b) recently found refitting FVS-NE tree height and crown ratio equations to be ineffective for improving predictions when compared to utilizing a different equation form for several species in Maine. This suggests that effectiveness o...

Large-diameter trees dominate the structure, dynamics and function of many temperate and tropical forests. However, their attendant contributions to forest heterogeneity are rarely addressed. We established the Wind River Forest Dynamics Plot, a 25.6 ha permanent plot within which we tagged and mapped all 30,973 woody stems ≥ 1 cm dbh, all 1,966 snags ≥ 10 cm dbh, and all shrub patches ≥ 2 m(2)...