Over the past number of decades the structural health monitoring (SHM) research community has developed and published a large variety and number of methodologies for the purpose of detecting and locating damage in a structure using sensor measurement data. While almost all of these methods have demonstrated some degree of success in detecting damage, different approaches have differing costs, a...

Abstract The definition of relationships between damage and losses is a crucial aspect for the prediction seismic effects development reliable models to define risk maps, loss scenarios mitigation strategies. paper focuses on analysis post-earthquake empirical data buildings’ expressed as usability rating or global state associated costs repair (i.e. direct costs) population assistance part tot...

background road traffic injuries (rtis) impose a significant social and economic burden. objectives the objective of this study was to estimate the medical costs and economic burden caused by rti in iran methods the major components included in this study were medical costs, lost output, and indirect costs. cost components and their values in 2011 were obtained using previous data collected dur...

Tolerance to herbivory minimizes the effects of herbivory on plant fitness. In the presence of herbivores, maximal levels of tolerance may be expected to evolve. In many plant species, however, tolerance is found at an intermediate level. Tolerance may be prevented from evolving to a maximal level by genetic constraints or stabilizing selection. We report on a field study of Ipomoea purpurea, t...

There are at least two reasons to study traits that mediate successful range expansions. First, dispersers will found new populations and thus impact the distribution and evolution of species. Second, organisms moving into new areas will influence the fate of resident communities, directly competing with or indirectly affecting residents by spreading non-native or spilling-back native parasites...

Policy makers interested in evaluating the costs and benefits of earthquake retrofit and reconstruction strategies require a way to measure the benefits (costs avoided) of competing proposals. This requires an integrated, operational model of losses because of earthquake impacts on transportation and industrial capacity, and how these losses affect the metropolitan economy. This research examin...

Economies of size refer to the ability of a farm to lower costs of production by increasing production. Agriculture production displays an L-shaped average cost curve where costs are lower initially but reach a point where no further gains are achieved. Spreading fixed costs, bulk purchases, and marketing power are cited as reasons for economies of size. Labor-reducing technologies may be the p...

To develop a more realistic assessment of costs, herein named "true" costs, the extra-cancer from medical radiation, environmental damage from imaging paraphernalia and radioactive wastes must be included as long-term costs from imaging examinations. It is urgent to define the "true" costs across imaging modalities as it interferes on physicians' decision to request an exam and on research proj...

background economic consequence analysis is vital for recognizing pipeline comprehensive risk analysis and emergency response planning. objectives the purpose of this study was to estimate economic loss due to fire and explosion in petrochemical feed and product pipelines. materials and methods the present study which performed on 47 pipelines of a petrochemical special zone, pertinent pipeline...