Psychologists have long studied the ways in which individuals draw inferences from evidence in their environment, and the conditions under which individuals forgo or ignore those inferences and instead conform to the choices of their peers. Recently, anthropologists and biologists have given considerable attention to the ways in which these two processes intersect to jointly shape culture. In t...

In the hope to resolve the two sets of opposing results concerning the effects of psychological distance and construal levels on moral judgment, Žeželj and Jokić (2014) conducted a series of four direct replications, which yielded divergent patterns of results. In our commentary, we first revisit the consistent findings that lower-level construals induced by How/Why manipulation lead to harsher...

Neutral evolution is a frequently used model to analyse changes in frequencies of cultural variants over time. Variants are chosen to be copied according to their relative frequency and new variants are introduced by a process of random mutation. Here we present a non-equilibrium neutral model which accounts for temporally varying population sizes and mutation rates and makes it possible to ana...

This study used a diffusion chain paradigm to explore the cultural transmission of causally irrelevant tool actions in chains of adult participants. Each chain witnessed an "expert" adult retrieve a reward from inside a puzzle box using a combination of causally relevant actions and causally irrelevant actions. Which of the actions were causally relevant was evident in two of the chains where a...

Although many species display behavioural traditions, human culture is unique in the complexity of its technological, symbolic and social contents. Is this extraordinary complexity a product of cognitive evolution, cultural evolution or some interaction of the two? Answering this question will require a much better understanding of patterns of increasing cultural diversity, complexity and rates...

social hygienists, technocrats, and, to a more limited extent, physicians and medical scientists who wished to include syphilis as a part of legitimate practice. While it falls short of being a complete analysis of the social and medical aspects ofvenereal diseases, and skims rather lightly over the recent period, this is a model of how the study of a particular group can be used to illuminate ...

Interest in the development of medical educators working in the postgraduate sector is running high. Driven by three interlinked trends--the professionalization of medical education, increasing accountability, and the pursuit of educational excellence--there is a growing need for high quality and sustained faculty development programmes across the network of education providers. Postgraduate me...

Two major theoretical orientations guide the investigation of medical problems in settings where Western medicine has not had a major influence. (In this report, for the sake of convenience, these settings will be termed preliterate.) These two orientations, which stem from the traditional fields of medicine and cultural anthropology, approach medical problems quite differently and, in addition...

We examined whether Japanese culture has become more individualistic by investigating how the practice of naming babies has changed over time. Cultural psychology has revealed substantial cultural variation in human psychology and behavior, emphasizing the mutual construction of socio-cultural environment and mind. However, much of the past research did not account for the fact that culture is ...

Formal models have linked prehistoric and historical instances of technological change (e.g., the Upper Paleolithic transition, cultural loss in Holocene Tasmania, scientific progress since the late nineteenth century) to demographic change. According to these models, cumulation of technological complexity is inhibited by decreasing--while favoured by increasing--population levels. Here we show...