Cue-induced craving is not easily reduced by an extinction or exposure procedure and may constitute an important route toward relapse in addictive behavior after treatment. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of counterconditioning as an alternative procedure to reduce cue-induced craving, in a nonclinical population. We found that a cue, initially paired with chocolate cons...

I. VISION MODULES AND CUE COMBINATION To what extent is the visual system built by combining modular components? This issue was discussed in the basic architecture section and viewpoints differed between advocates of separate pathways encoding different feature dimensions [9], [17] and other who argued against separation because most cells are sensitive to all dimensions [16] and, premature sep...

reactivity (AHR), because of inherent problems with using a pharmacologic agent in epidemiologic surveys. To our knowledge, no studies exist that compare MIC with EVH in known asthmatics. We conducted a prospective, randomized, crossover trial with a group of subjects (n = 16) who met the American Thoracic Society definition of asthma with these objectives: (1) to compare the sensitivity of EVH...

This study determined whether evidence for late selection is due to attention processing or to processing by an automatic system that is separate from attention (two systems framework; Eriksen, Webb, & Fournier, 1990). The task was a two-choice discrimination of a target that appeared in one of two sequentially cued locations in an eight-letter visual display. Attention was directed to the firs...

Cucurbitacin E (CuE), a potent member of triterpenoid family isolated from plants, has been confirmed as an antitumor agent by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and metastasis in diverse cancer. However, the effects and mechanisms of CuE on osteosarcoma (OS) have not been well understood. This study aimed to test whether CuE could inhibit growth and invasion of OS cells and reveal its underl...

Various visual cues provide information about depth and shape in a scene. In this paper , research on depth cue combination is reviewed. Using normative considerations, we have developed the \Modiied Weak Fusion" (MWF) model of cue combination. This model includes a simple, linear cue combination rule (weighted averaging of depth estimates). But, it also raises three key issues for depth cue co...

This study investigates how the colour, shape and location of patterns could be memorized within a time frame. Bees were trained to visit two Y-mazes, one of which presented yellow vertical (rewarded) versus horizontal (non-rewarded) gratings at one site in the morning, while another presented blue horizontal (rewarded) versus vertical (non-rewarded) gratings at another site in the afternoon. T...

To isolate the neural correlates for task rule activation from those related to general task preparation, the effect of a cue explicitly specifying the S-R correspondences (rule-cue) was contrasted with the effects of a cue specifying only the task to performed (task-cue). While the task-cue provides merely information about the type of task, the rule-cue is explicit about both the task type an...