a facility layout problem is concerned with determining the best position of departments, cells, or machines on the plant. an efficient layout contributes to the overall efficiency of operations. it’s been proved that, when system characteristics change, it can cause a significant increase in material handling cost. consequently, the efficiency of the current layout decreases or is lost and it ...

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex that includes some of the most significant pests of agriculture and horticulture worldwide. To understand the diversity and distribution of B. tabaci cryptic species in Yunnan, a famous biodiversity hotspot in China, a large-scale sampling was conducted from year 2010 to 2013 in 10 prefectures. Mitochondrial cytoch...

Cryptic genetic variants that do not typically influence traits can interact epistatically with each other and mutations to cause unexpected phenotypes. To improve understanding of the genetic architectures and molecular mechanisms that underlie these interactions, we comprehensively dissected the genetic bases of 17 independent instances of the same cryptic colony phenotype in a yeast cross. I...

Cytolytic T cells eliminate infected or cancer cells by recognizing peptides presented by MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. The antigenic peptides are derived primarily from newly synthesized proteins including those produced by cryptic translation mechanisms. Previous studies have shown that cryptic translation can be initiated by distinct mechanisms at non-AUG codons in addition to c...

We conducted an extensive literature review on studies that have used DNA sequences to detect cryptic species of parasites during the last decade. Each literature citation that included the term "cryptic" or "sibling" species was analyzed to determine the approach used by the author(s). Reports were carefully filtered to retain only those that recognized the existence of cryptic species centere...

Cryptic genetic sequences have attenuated effects on phenotypes. In the classic view, relaxed selection allows cryptic genetic diversity to build up across individuals in a population, providing alleles that may later contribute to adaptation when co-opted--e.g., following a mutation increasing expression from a low, attenuated baseline. This view is described, for example, by the metaphor of t...

Transcription can be quite disruptive for chromatin so cells have evolved mechanisms to preserve chromatin integrity during transcription, thereby preventing the emergence of cryptic transcripts from spurious promoter sequences. How these transcripts are regulated and processed remains poorly characterized. Notably, very little is known about the termination of cryptic transcripts. Here, we use...

nano silica-h2so4 is an efficient and mild catalysis system for the regeneration of aldehyde from aldoximes. ketoximes are converted to amides by beckmann rearrangement in the presence of nano silica-h2so4. the reactions are carried out in solvent-free conditions under microwave irradiation (600 w) within 50-120 sec in good yields.