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BACKGROUND Carvedilol is a third-generation β-blocker indicated for congestive heart failure and high blood pressure. The aim of this study was to investigate the dose proportionality of the carvedilol sustained-release (SR) formulation in healthy male subjects. METHODS An open-label, single dose-ascending, 10-sequence, 3-period balanced incomplete block study was performed using healthy male...

Non-proportional multiaxial stresses in welded structures cause higher fatigue damage than proportional stresses. In this paper, a new approach based on principal component analysis for quantifying the level of non-proportionality stress signals is developed. The quantifier developed large-scale (civil and offshore structures), where influence mean negligible. proposed compared validated with o...

1. Enter data observed for the dependent and independent variables. 2. Plot the raw data points to check for trends and to identify potential data outliers. 3. Perform the transformations that support a hypothesized proportionality. → If, for example, you suspect y ∝ x, you would look at the set of points (xi , yi) to see if they form a line. 4. Plot the transformed data to test the hypothesize...

The problem for assessment of dose proportionality (or linearity) is studied. Various methods for assessment of dose proportionality (or linearity) such as ANOVA type F-test have been proposed. Cheng et al. (2006) proposed an alternative approach based on the slopes of adjacent dose levels under a crossover design. They showed that when dose proportionality (or linearity) cannot be established,...

This chapter argues that the value of political equality implies proportionality in an electoral system. The literature on electoral systems and democratic theory has been remarkably agnostic about how basic values may be translated into institutions. Dahl (1956) constructs an axiomatic theory of democracy based on the idea of political equality but then declares it has little to say about prac...