Trauma may result in craze lines on the enamel surface, one or more fractured cusps of posterior teeth, cracked tooth syndrome, splitting of posterior teeth, and vertical fracture of root. Out of these, management of some fractures is of great challenge and such teeth are generally recommended for extraction. Literature search reveals attempts to manage such fractures by full cast crown, orthod...

Cracks and craze lines are often observed in the enamel of human teeth, but they rarely cause tooth fracture. The present study evaluates fatigue crack growth in human enamel, and compares that to the fatigue response of sintered hydroxyapatite (HAp) with similar crystallinity, chemistry and density. Miniature inset compact tension (CT) specimens were prepared that embodied a small piece of ena...

In Europe, experts are fooled by the “harm reduction” motto, just as happened before with low tar and “light” cigarettes. The e-cigarette has been rapidly legitimated by the tobacco industry, which purchased e-cigarette companies and applied for patents at an early stage. Who could believe the industry’s intent was to reduce cigarette-smoking prevalence and incidence? The craze for ENDS is also...

An increase in dog menace and dog bite by stray dogs in Indian cities and towns could be attributed to genetic changes because of cross breeding with ferocious hunter dogs which are being taken up by humans as captive pet dogs since it has become a craze to keep farm hunting dogs as pets in urban societies, especially in India. Moreover availability of waste food acts as a strong epigenetic fac...

introduction: root fracture is not an instant phenomenon but a result of gradual development of tiny craze lines in tooth structure. recent studies have shown that canal instrumentation has the potential to cause dentinal cracks. the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the formation of dentinal cracks caused by protaper rotary system to hand instrumentation. materials and methods:...