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cranial injury, as it is known today, is not a new concern of modern medicine. on stepping on the earth, the man was in reality encountered with various types of injuries, particularly those of a cranial nature. leading a life, whether wild or civilized, has always been associated with injuries for human race from the very beginning of birth. therefore, managing cases of this type has gradually...

traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of disability and death from injury in the world. the interleukin-1 (il-1) is a family of cytokines that act as key mediators of the inflammatory response peripherally and centrally. based on many studies, researchers found that the il-1 is the well-known molecule in relation to acute tbi in the models of both focal and diffuse injuries. the il-1 family...

background & aim: chronic subdural hematoma (csdh) is a common neurosurgical pathology. the objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of this pathology and the results in treating it combined from three hospital centers in benin. methods & materials/patients: from september 2010 to september 2013 a multi-center, retrospective and descriptive study was conducted in three hospital ...

conclusions along with the technological advancement, different materials are employed according to the size of the cranium defect and the age of the case. the application of split costa cranioplasty for the small cranium defects in the region of patient’s face is the method with the least possibility of complications, and its cosmetic and functional results are quite promising. introduction os...