sixty-year history of town and country planning in the world, raised a fundamental question: why following the successful models in the process of town and country planning don’t have always similar results? whether, the origin of differences and ambiguities are not in the boundaries, interrelation among the levels of decision making, policy making, uncontrollable democracy in land ownership, i...

Scholars have proffered a number of theoretical explanations for the phenomenon that corporate ownership is diffuse in some countries and highly concentrated in others. One explanation, the social democracy theory, holds that leftist ideology weakens a variety of corporate governance mechanisms and thus prevents the separation of ownership from control in social democracies, where leftist ideol...

Most countries prohibit the export of certain antiquities. This practice often leads to illegal excavation and looting for the black market, which damages the items and destroys important aspects of the archaeological record. We argue that long-term leases of antiquities would raise revenue for the country of origin while preserving national long-term ownership rights. By putting antiquities in...