Deviation angles of secondary electrons and muons in simulated extensive air showers were studied. The angles have wide distribution, whose width depends on energy cuts imposed on shower particles. In this work, variation of deviation angles with the energy of secondary particles, shower energy, primary direction, and core distance was investigated. The results put limitations on application ...

this commentary explores the implications of increased social media marketing by drug manufacturers, based on findings in hyosun kim’s article of the major themes in recent food and drug administration (fda) warning letters and notices of violation regarding online direct-to-consumer promotions of pharmaceuticals. kim’s rigorous analysis of fda letters over a 10-year span highlights a relative ...

background: potency test for control of rubella vaccine is a significant factor to qualify production line and vaccination pro­gram. for this reason, who recommends to use the microtitration method by both vaccine companies and control laborato­ries. then the study was done to improve this test. methods: three rubella virus samples, including an in-house standard, a lot of vaccine and an in- pr...

for evaluation the stability and potency of anthrax vaccine prepared in razi vaccine and serum research institute in iran, samples of different batches of vaccine were kept at 4-8 °c (refrigerator), 20-25 °c (room temperature) and 37 °c (incubator).the viable spores/ml of vaccines were determined using plate–counting method before and after holding at different temperatures monthly. vaccine pot...

mass vaccination against viral infections such as mumps is a very noticeable and appropriate attempt in common health. mumps infection has severe complications like deafness, infertility and meningitis. attenuated live vaccine of mumps is produced and used to prevent the problems. viral content in the monovalent vaccine is assayed with different methods. nowadays international standards introdu...

Objective(s): Allylbenzenes have been recently developed as inhibitors of lipoxygenases. They decrease peroxidation activity via mimicking 1,4-unsaturated bonds of fatty acids by their allyl portion. We designed and synthesized new derivatives of allyl benzenes (6a-f) with isopropoxy and amide substituents at ortho and meta positions towards allyl group, respectively. ...

Poliomyelitis, an acute viral infectious disease caused by poliovirus, still remains a public health problem in developing countries. Despite the global effort to eradicate polio, continuing the polio immunization with a potent and safe vaccine is essential. For accurate vaccine evaluation, three types of cell lines including Hela, Hep2C and Vero were evaluated and compared using two methods of...

An essential mode of contact between general practitioners (GPs) and hospital staff is the referral letter. This must be clear and concise with sufficient information to aid the GP, the consultant and the patient. In order to ensure this, a proposal was made for the use of a structured or standardized referral letter: a form letter. This report shows that form letters were shorter than typed le...

the first border treaties of iran, the documents of which are available, were signed in safavid period between iran and ottoman empire. treaties were initially in the form of royal letters which were exchanged between heads of countries. they involved acceptance of peace instead of war. later on, officially sealed documents called sonurname were exchanged together with them. these documents con...