Reducing income inequality in Africa rests on agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) growth and convergence. Liberalizing trade has emerged as a force of TFP Notwithstanding increasing trade, is falling while the differences rates remain wide. We provide evidence impact liberalization examine by origin, disaggregated into intra-Africa, rest-of-the-world trade. Also, we recognize uniquenes...

The performed job, in this study, consists in studying adaptive filters and higher order statistics (HOS) to ameliorate their performances, by extension of linear case to non linear filters via Volterra series. This study is, principally, axed on:  Choice of the adaptation step and convergence conditions.  Convergence rate.  Adaptive variation of the convergence factor, according to the inpu...

The colored neighborhood metric for sparse graphs was introduced by Bollobás and Riordan [8]. The corresponding convergence notion refines a convergence notion introduced by Benjamini and Schramm [6]. We prove that even in this refined sense, the limit of a convergent graph sequence (with uniformly bounded degree) can be represented by a graphing. We study various topics related to this converg...