BACKGROUND Chloroplast genomes provide a wealth of information for evolutionary and population genetic studies. Chloroplasts play a particularly important role in the adaption for aquatic plants because they float on water and their major surface is exposed continuously to sunlight. The subfamily of Lemnoideae represents such a collection of aquatic species that because of photosynthesis repres...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prognostic significance of prostatic involvement by bladder urothelial carcinoma using the new 2009 TNM staging system. METHODS From 1993 to 2008, 77 consecutive men who were clinically and/or pathologically diagnosed with bladder cancer underwent radical cystectomy. Patients were classified into several groups, according to the presence, extent and invading pathw...

DESCRIPTION A 26-year-old-man of Indian descent was referred to our rheumatology unit with 6 months of lower-back pain. He had lived in the UK for 5 years, travelling intermittently to holiday in India. His general practitioner detected a C-reactive protein of 55 mg/l and erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 95 mm/h and referred with a possible ‘spondyloarthritis’. The patient gave a history of ba...

A computably enumerable (c.e.) degree is a maximal contiguous degree if it is contiguous and no c.e. degree strictly above it is contiguous. We show that there are infinitely many maximal contiguous degrees. Since the contiguous degrees are definable, the class of maximal contiguous degrees provides the first example of a definable infinite anti-chain in the c.e. degrees. In addition, we show t...