As the complexity of a construction project increases, the occurrence of changes becomes unavoidable. In addition to the direct impact, a change may also have consequential impact (ripple effect) on the performance of project duration and cost. Built on a schedule network, this paper proposes a model, called LOGIC that uses a logic-based (including hard logic, soft logic, and causal logic) appr...

The ability to think counterfactually about the consequence of one's actions represents one of the hallmarks of the development of complex reasoning skills. The legal system places a great emphasis on this type of reasoning ability as it directly relates to the degree to which individuals may be judged liable for their actions. In the present paper, we review both behavioural and neuroscientifi...

Now is the time for the science of epidemiology to embrace its pragmatic roots. The article by Galea in this issue of the Journal (Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(8):1185-1191) calls for us to become more "consequentialist." The Affordable Care Act allows us to access population-level databases from which we can examine how to deliver care more efficiently and cost-effectively. Asking the questions "s...

Climate change mitigation is an important goal for cities globally. Energy production contributes more than half of the global greenhouse gas emissions, and thus the mitigation potential of local municipal energy systems is important for cities to recognize. The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of local municipal energy systems in the consumption-based carbon footprint of a city resi...

Livingstone's second mission site on the shore of Lake Malawi suffers very high rates of consequential lightning strikes. Comprehensive interviewing of victims and their relatives in seven Traditional Authorities in Nkhata Bay District, Malawi revealed that the annual rate of consequential strikes was 419/million, more than six times higher than that in other developing countries; the rate of d...

let r be an associative ring with identity, c(r) be the category of com-plexes of r-modules and flat(c(r)) be the class of all at complexes of r-modules. we show that the at cotorsion theory (flat(c(r)); flat(c(r))−)have enough injectives in c(r). as an application, we prove that for each atcomplex f and each complex y of r-modules, exti (f,x)= 0, whenever ris n-perfect and i > n.

Standard welfare economic analysis evaluates all actions by their consequences. However, evidence from other disciplines suggests that the procedures by which decisions are made also affects the welfare of individuals. This paper outlines six characteristics on which judgements about procedural justice may be based. Using the example of health care rationing, we examine the importance of each c...