with the introduction of communicative language teaching, a large number of studies have concerned with students’ oral participation in language classrooms. although the importance of classroom participation is evident, some language learners are unwilling to engage in oral activities. this passivity and unwillingness to participate in language classroom discussions is known as “reticence”. rev...

abstract this study investigated the predictability of variables from a motivational framework as well as individuals qualities to predict three non-linguistic outcomes of language learning. gardners socio-educational model with its measures has been used in the current study. individual qualities presented in this study include (1) age, (2) gender, and (3) language learning experience. the...

there is less published research about how teachers in efl contexts respond to students who are relatively less mature and less competent l2 writers. while writing researchers have examined various issues concerning peer and teacher response in writing-oriented classes, little research has centered on the effect of collaborative tasks particularly dictogloss on writing skills. output collaborat...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

the ability to speak two languages in the world is a remarkable achievement. there is a good reason to believe that bilingualism is the norm for the majority of people in the world because 70% of the earth’s population are supposed to be bilingual or multilingual. various investigations have shown that the native language impacts foreign word recognition, and this influence is adapted by the de...

The present research has been conducted to predict mothers' parenting styles through their attachment styles and personality traits. The design of present research was correlation. The number 310 of mothers' preschool children were selected by random cluster sampling and they completed Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991), Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1990), NEO-Five Factor ...

Aims: Today, the prevalence of tobacco smoking among students is increasing. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the factors related with tobacco smoking among students using extended theory of planned behavior. Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 360 students of Universities of Malayer city who were selected by stra...

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the model of rela-tions between job satisfaction and organizational commitment with emotion-al exhaustion, intention to turn-over and deviant behaviors. Research statisti-cal population was the male employees of an industrial and productive facto-ry in Shiraz City. 300 persons of them were selected using convenience sampling. Research in...