pain is one of the most important and sometimes difficult problems, that patients and physicians are encountered. it may be clinically acute or chronic, acute pain has usually definite cause and favourable response to treatment. on the other hand there are difficulties in diagnosis and management of chronic pain. peripheral and cranial nerves convey pain impulses toward central nervous system, ...

Single-source binary hybrid multilevel inverters with cascaded transformers have a bulky transformer connected to their main H-bridge cells in each phase. This bulky transformer has been eliminated in this work without any effect on operation and modulation strategies. The proposed topology has significant advantages from view point of dimensions and number of transformers, design of transforme...

Photovoltaic systems integrated to the grid have received considerable attention around the world. They can be connected to the electrical grid via galvanic isolation (transformer) or without it (transformerless). Despite making galvanic isolation, low frequency transformer increases size, cost and losses. On the other hand, transformerless PV systems increase the leakage current (common-mode c...

Ion current rectification dependent on the concentration gradient of KCl solutions was systematically investigated in polyethyleneimine modified glass nano-pipettes with inner diameter of 105 nm. Peak shape dependence of the rectification factor on outer KCl solution concentration was observed when inner KCl solution with concentration from 1 mM to 500 mM was used. The peak shape dependence was...

Sinusoidal pulse width modulation is a popular modulation for most alternating current induction motor. It only requires fewer calculations and is easy to implement. However, the shortcomings of using it are low DC voltage utilization, and poor inverter transmission capability. In recent years, there is an increasing trend and more research concentration of using space vector pulse width modula...

Striatal projection neurons (SPNs) process motor and cognitive information. Their activity is affected by Parkinson's disease, in which dopamine concentration is decreased and acetylcholine concentration is increased. Acetylcholine activates muscarinic receptors in SPNs. Its main source is the cholinergic interneuron that responds with a briefer latency than SPNs during a cortical command. Ther...

A modulated holding beam shining a VCSEL above threshold can improve modulation bandwidth by adjusting the semiconductor laser’s relaxation oscillation frequency. The improved modulation characteristics are accompanied by reduced damping rate. By choosing correct parameters, dynamical behavior of system and cavity solitons is changed.

The barrier functionality of a cell layer regulates the passage nutrients into blood. Modulating by external chemical agents like poly-l-lysine (PLL) is crucial for drug delivery. ability to impede ions through it and therefore act as barrier, can be assessed electrically measuring resistance across layer. Here, an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) used in current-driven configuration e...

Noradrenergic modulation from the locus coerulus is often associated with the regulation of sensory signal-to-noise ratio. In the olfactory system, noradrenergic modulation affects both bulbar and cortical processing, and has been shown to modulate the detection of low concentration stimuli. We here implemented a computational model of the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex, based on known expe...