During the continuous casting process, a nonstationary stress state forms in the metal, which is caused by a non-uniform temperature distribution, phase transitions, and the deformation of the stock in a semi-liquid state. Stresses occur also as a results of ferrostatic pressure and the deflection and straightening of the continuous casting. In addition to these phenomena, intensive processes o...

Steel-making and continuous/mould casting are the key processes of modern iron and steel enterprises. The continuous and mould casting schedule of mixed whole/half charging plan is the bottleneck for the steel-making and continuous/mould casting process. However, it is very difficult to find a solution against the characteristics and complicated environment. This paper proposed a heuristic batc...

In the present paper a review for the experimental and finite element analysis techniques is adopted for gravity die casting. Experimental Data taken for Solidification of gravity die Casting is modeled and meshed initially then validation is followed by comparing the experimental and modeled results. This helps to optimize the design criteria for gravity die cast part. To overcome the problem ...

Continuous casting is used to mass produce basic metals into long, semi-finished shapes with constant cross section, which are later processed into over 800 million tons of steel, 20 million tons of aluminum, and 1 million tons of copper, nickel, and other metal products in the world each year. Cross-sections can be rectangular, for later rolling into plate or sheet, square for long products, c...

In recent decades, affective scientists have begun using concepts and tools from dynamical systems theory (DST) to characterise emotional processes. This article considers how the concept of emergence might be used develop this approach. Emotions are explicated as ‘emergent products’ that diachronically constrain operations their parts in virtue feedback loops (a classical feature nonlinear sys...

Ray casting has become a fundamental step in many graphics algorithms es pecially in the area of global illumination Examples include using rays to calculate form factors for traditional radiosity track energy in particle tracing and trace possible transport paths in path tracing The appeal of ray casting is that it o ers a exible and intuitive way to query visibility within a scene and we expe...

Casting is an economical way to manufacture parts. On average, complex aerospace castings incur about one-fourth the cost of forgings. However, castings can not be used as primary structure in aircraft because of poor control over design allowables for the material strength and ductility. They can be used as secondary structure, but must include significant safety factors usually between 3 and ...