This paper provides a welfare comparison of a tariff with a combination of a production subsidy to, and a commodity tax on, an import-competing commodity in a two-country economy. We treat some plausible situations of industry protection, including where the initial tariff is above the optimal tariff, where a certain output level of a tariff-imposed commodity must be maintained, and where there...

Commodity storage-assets can be either physical storage-facilities, or contracts guaranteeing their use. Merchants employ them to support their commodity-trading activities in wholesale markets, which are characterized by notoriously volatile prices. Managing a storage asset requires determining an inventory-management policy, which, given a realization of the commodity price, consists of choos...

Output growth in the U.S., a commodity-importing country, increases its demand for imports of commodities and therefore commodity prices, which benefits commodityexporting countries but has adverse effects on commodity-importing countries. Hence, in the data, U.S. output is more positively correlated with outputs of commodity-exporting countries than commodity-importing countries. In other word...

In traditional multi-commodity flow theory, the task is to send a certain amount of each commodity from its start to its target node, subject to capacity constraints on the edges. However, no restriction is imposed on the number of paths used for delivering each commodity; it is thus feasible to spread the flow over a large number of different paths. Motivated by routing problems arising in rea...

Abstract. We address the two-commodity maximum flow problem on undirected networks. As a result of a change of variables, we introduce a new formulation that solves the problem through classical maximum flow techniques with only one-commodity. Therefore, a general strategy, based on this change of variables, is defined to deal with other undirected multi-commodity problems. Finally, we extend t...

Clusters built from commodity hardware and software have several advantages over more traditional supercomputers. Commodity clusters are cheap and ubiquitous, and so they are easier to design, program and maintain. However, even as high-speed networks reach 10Gb/s speeds and modern computer architectures reach past 1Ghz, new commodity clusters are not able to harness this power. One of the bott...

Current digital currency schemes provide instantaneous exchange on precise commodity, in which ”precise” means a buyer can possibly verify the function of the commodity without error. However, imprecise commodities, e.g. statistical data, with error existing are abundant in digital world. Existing digital currency schemes do not offer a mechanism to help the buyer for payment decision on precis...

In classical linear network flow (LNF) problems, a network consists of multiple source and sink nodes, where each node is a sink node or a source node, but not both. Usually, there is only one kind of commodity flow and the goal is to find flow schedules and routes such that all sink nodes’ flow demands are satisfied and the total flow transmission cost is minimized. We develop a capacity expan...