OBJECTIVE: Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) is the use of shock waves to fragment kidney stones. We have undertaken a study of the physical mechanisms responsible for stone comminution and tissue injury in SWL. SWL was originally developed on the premise that stone fragmentation could be induced by a short duration, high amplitude positive pressure pulse. Even though the SWL waveform carries a prom...

Distal humeral fractures are relatively rare and complex injuries. With appropriate preoperative planning and execution of surgical technique, good outcomes may be obtained in most patients. Patients should be counseled regarding loss of motion in these injuries, and elderly, osteoporotic patients with extensive comminution should be considered for total elbow arthroplasty as an alternative to ...

BACKGROUND Many types of projectiles, including modern hollow point bullets, fragment into smaller pieces upon impact, particularly when striking bone. This study was performed to examine the effect on time to union with retained bullet material near a fracture site in cases of gunshot injury. METHODS All gunshot injuries operatively treated with internal fixation at a Level 1 Trauma Center b...

PURPOSE We developed innovations in shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two technical upgrades were implemented in an original unmodified HM-3 lithotriptor (Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Kennesaw, Georgia). First, a single unit ellipsoidal reflector insert was used to modify the profile of lithotriptor shock wave (LSW) to decrease the propensity of tissue injury in...

Comminution is an essential step in processing itabirite ores, given the need to liberate silica and other contaminants from iron minerals for downstream concentration then pellet feed production. In general, these ores Brazil are not particularly hard crush grind, but both capital (CAPEx) operating (OPEx) expenditures this stage of preparation can be critical project, particular due uncertaint...