The paper addresses the issue of optimal investments in innovations with strong long-term aftereffects. As an example, investments in the construction of gas pipelines are considered. The most sensible part of a gas pipeline project is the choice of the commercialization time, i.e., the time of finalizing the construction of the pipeline. If several projects compete for a gas market, the choice...

This article demonstrates the roles of corporate strategy, organizational management, and national institutions in the process of technology transfer and commercialization in the pharmaceutical industry. A Japanese case study about the development of a cephalosporin antibiotic by Takeda Chemical Industries reveals that several factors have to work together to ensure success in technology transf...

Kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e F Fi il lt te er r a an nd d E Ec co on no om mi ic c G Gr ro ow wt th h: : T Th he e R Ro ol le e o of f S Sc ci ie en nt ti is st t E En nt tr re ep pr re en ne eu ur rs sh hi ip p 2 Executive Summary Executive Summary This study examines the prevalence and determinants of the commercialization of research by the top twenty percent of university scientists funded by ...

this paper argues that commercial forces have steadily encroached into our understanding of medicine and health in modern industrial societies. the impact on the delivery of personal medical services and on common ideas about food and nutrition is profound and largely deleterious to public health. a key component of commercialization is reductionism of medical services, health products and nutr...

The emergence of the Internet as a commercial tool galvanized a gale of Schumpeterian investment and economic restructuring. In 2002 amidst the wreckage of that investment hurricane it should be interesting to reflect upon what was permanent and what appears to have been more fleeting. This paper uses the national system of innovation (NIS) framework to examine the context within which the Inte...

the aim of this paper is to critique the influences of commercialization of education on moral education. for this aim we used critical method. investigating the challenges of neoliberal education for moral education, with case study of nclb, indicated that increasing competition and reducing social participation, instrumentalist view on human being, converting knowledge to a commodity for prof...

Crop straw gasification technologies are the most promising biomass gasification technologies and have great potential to be further developed in China. However, the commercialization development of gasification technology in China is slow. In this paper, the technical reliability and practicability of crop straw gasification technologies, the economic feasibility of gas supply stations, the ec...