In their original report [Kunde, W., Kiesel, A., & Hoffmann, J. (2003). Conscious control over the content of unconscious cognition. Cognition, 88, 223–242] maintain that “unconscious stimuli [do not] owe their impact [.] to automatic semantic categorization” (p.223), and instead propose the action-trigger theory of unconscious priming. In a reply to our paper [Kunde, W., Kiesel, A., & Hoffmann...

The role of tooth wear as a proximate cause of senescence in ruminants has recently been highlighted. There are two competing hypotheses to explain variation in tooth height and wear; the diet-quality hypothesis predicting increased wear in low-quality habitats, and the life-history hypothesis predicting molar height to be related to expected longevity. We compared tooth height and wear from ro...

The article intends to show the significance of Ch. Peirce’s ideas for development contemporary philosophy, find out main directions his criticism principles Cartesian and more broadly modern philosophy (where it comes from Descartes) consider positive program which he offers as an alternative Modern philosophy. Peirce starts a pragmatic semiotic approach human nature, consciousness cognition. ...

The hypothesis was considered that a low fluid intake disrupts cognition and mood. Most research has been carried out on young fit adults, who typically have exercised, often in heat. The results of these studies are inconsistent, preventing any conclusion. Even if the findings had been consistent, confounding variables such as fatigue and increased temperature make it unwise to extrapolate the...

A mistake appears: the term "cross-sectional" (that appears as follows: p. 153, Abstract; p. 160 4 th paragr; p.161 2 nd paragr; p. 162, last pargr; p.163, 2 nd pargr, and p. 164, 2 nd pargr.) should actually be "correlational".

Chronic hypoxia (CH) augments endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO)-dependent pulmonary vasodilation; however, responses to exogenous NO are reduced following CH in female rats. We hypothesized that CH-induced attenuation of NO-dependent pulmonary vasodilation is mediated by downregulation of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) expression and/or activity, increased cGMP ...

Chronic hypoxia (CH)-induced pulmonary hypertension may influence basal endothelial cell (EC) intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). We hypothesized that CH decreases EC [Ca(2+)](i) associated with membrane depolarization and reduced Ca(2+) entry. To test this hypothesis, we assessed 1) basal endothelial Ca(2+) in pressurized pulmonary arteries and freshly isolated ECs, 2) EC membran...

How does language impact cognition and perception? A growing number of studies show that language, and specifically the practice of labeling, can exert extremely rapid and pervasive effects on putatively non-verbal processes such as categorization, visual discrimination, and even simply detecting the presence of a stimulus. Progress on the empirical front, however, has not been accompanied by p...

OBJECTIVE White matter hyperintensities (WMH), visualized on T2-weighted MRI, are thought to reflect small-vessel vascular disease. Much like other markers of brain disease, the association between WMH and cognition is imperfect. The concept of reserve may account for this imperfect relationship. The purpose of this study was to test the reserve hypothesis in the association between WMH severit...

Nicholas Humphrey's social intelligence hypothesis proposed that the major engine of primate cognitive evolution was social competition. Lev Vygotsky also emphasized the social dimension of intelligence, but he focused on human primates and cultural things such as collaboration, communication and teaching. A reasonable proposal is that primate cognition in general was driven mainly by social co...