Recently, as the anti-aging role of melanin in skin and inhibition production has been identified, development materials capable maintaining homeostasis attracting attention. In this study, we further investigated anti-melanogenic effect Codonopsis pilosula extract (CPE) and, under oxidative stress, cytoprotective Melan-a melanocytes exposed to H2O2. First, CPE treatment significantly reduced b...

Five combinations of three ratios (PS9-sPS1, PS7-sPS3 and PS6-sPS4) were prepared with polysaccharide (PS) and sulfated polysaccharide (sPS). The antiviral activities of these compounds were subsequently compared in vitro using the MTT assay, observation of the virus structure and immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated that SP9-sCP1, CP7-sCA3, EP7-sAP3, CA9-sEP1 and EP7-sCA3 presented hig...

The tropical Andes of South America, the world's richest biodiversity hotspot, are home to many rapid radiations. While geological, climatic, and ecological processes collectively explain such radiations, their relative contributions are seldom examined within a single clade. We explore the contribution of these factors by applying a series of diversification models that incorporate mountain bu...