Exposure or likelihood of occurrence of an identified hazard is a key factor used by regulators in determining the magnitude of risk. One example of exposure is the amount of gene flow between transgenic crops and their non-transgenic counterparts or their compatible wild relatives. Gene flow itself is not a hazard, but instead represents the exposure of the environment to transgenes and the po...

natural hazards are among destructive agents that annually take thousands of lives and impose devastating damages in iran. spotting such a high risk areas can help reducing the amount of their probable risk. a 1:500000 liquefaction and landslide hazard zonation map developed for the southern shoreline of the caspian sea. this geotechnical hazard map divides the study area to 15 hazard classes (...

Natural hazards are dynamic and unpredictable events that a continuous threat to global socio-economic development. Humans’ reactions these catastrophes influenced by their proximity the ability anticipate, resist, cope with, recover from consequences. Due climatic changes, risk of multiple natural is expected increase in several regions Pakistan. There pressing need understand spatial discrepa...

Drought is a normal, recurring feature of climate phenomena; it may occur virtually in all climatic regions. The effects of drought accumulate slowly and its impacts are spread over a larger geographical area than other natural hazards. Drought is a natural hazard originating from a deficiency of precipitation that result in a water shortage for some activities or some groups and is often assoc...

Windblown dust is a significant component of atmospheric PM (particulate matter) in arid regions worldwide, with adverse effects on human health and visibility. In the future, windblown-dust emissions are likely to increase if water tables drop as a result of climatic or anthropogenic changes. To manage this hazard, air-quality managers need quantitative models that predict the impact of climat...

While average temperature is likely to increase in most locations on Earth, many places will simultaneously experience higher variability in temperature, precipitation, and other climate variables. Although ecologists and evolutionary biologists widely recognize the potential impacts of changes in average climatic conditions, relatively little attention has been paid to the potential impacts of...

background: tea is the most popular nonalcoholic beverage worldwide. in recent years, some iranian studies have shown the occurrence of toxic elements in fresh or dried tealeaves as well as in brewed tea. the present study aimed to ascertain the health risks associated with exposure to toxic and essential element through black tea consumption in iran by systematically reviewing the accredited a...

the present study was conducted to determine peak ground acceleration (pga) over bedrock in probabilistic analysis methods for the seismic hazard and uniform hazard spectra at different hazard levels for esfahan city. a series of statistics containing historical and instrumental seismic data covering from the 8th century a.d. to the now up to a radius of 200 km was employed and seismic sources ...

the percent of normal precipitation index (pnpi) is a widely used drought index to provide good estimations about the intensity, magnitude and spatial extent of droughts. the objective of this study was analyzing spatial pattern of drought by pnpi index. in this paper, according to the data of 40 stations in iran, during 1967-2009, the pattern of drought hazard is evaluated. influenced zone of ...