in practice, foundations are settled on the soft layers of soil, so the ground must be designed as well as the structure. wave propagation and hysteresis damping of soil layers may alter the seismic response of flexible-base design in comparison to controversial fixed-base. lots of uncertainties about this issue, necessitate most of seismic design standards including iranian standard no. 2800 t...

In seismic experiments, waves that bounce back and forth between layers are called multiple reflections. Since these waves interact repeatedly with the heterogeneities in the earth, the relation between the multiple reflections and the earth structure is nonlinear. Present-day seismic processing is geared toward suppressing these multiples rather than extracting the information that is containe...

High-resolution twoand three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed of first-mode internal gravity waves interacting with a shelf break in a linearly stratified fluid. The interaction of nonlinear incident waves with the shelf break results in the formation of upslope-surging vortex cores of dense fluid (referred to here as internal boluses) that propagate onto the shelf. This paper pr...

The hypertrophied malleus in the middle ear of some golden moles has been assumed to be an adaptation for sensing substrate vibrations by inertial bone conduction, but this has never been conclusively demonstrated. The Cape golden mole (Chrysochloris asiatica) exhibits this anatomical specialization, and the dynamic properties of its middle ear response to vibrations were the subjects of this s...

Non-linear waves of excitation are found in various biological, physical and chemical systems and are often accompanied by deformations of the medium. In this paper, we numerically study wave propagation in a deforming excitable medium using a twovariable reaction-diffusion system coupled with equations of continuum mechanics. We study the appearance and dynamics of different excitation pattern...

The proposed functions of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are to 1) pace the slow waves and regulate their propagation, 2) mediate enteric neuronal signals to smooth muscle cells, and 3) act as mechanosensors. In addition, impairments of ICC have been implicated in diverse motility disorders. This review critically examines the available evidence for these roles and offers alternate expla...

Discussion S waves are seismic body waves meaning they travel through the Earth’s interior. Their velocity is slower than that of P waves, and they are normally the second major phase to be observed on a seismogram, and are therefore also referred to as secondary waves. In the Earth’s crust, S wave velocities are typically 3–4 km/s. S waves are usually larger in amplitude than P waves and may c...

The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of the initial stress and transverse isotropy on the dispersion relation of flexural wave in a conducting circular cylinder subject to the initial state of stress of the form of hydrostatic tension or compression. The free stress conditions on the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow circular cylinder were used to form the dispersion relatio...

a complete linear theory in four dimensional space-time is constructed for propagation and coupling of electromagnetic waves in the most general case, i.e. media where all three space directions are in homogeneous and where temporal changes, anisotropy and absorbtion are also included. the only condition is that the properties of the medium should be slowly varying, although it is assumed that ...