What is a language? Something which assigns meanings to certain strings of types of sounds or of marks. It could therefore be a function, a set of ordered pairs of strings and meanings. The entities in the domain of the function are certain finite sequences of types of vocal sounds, or of types of inscribable marks; if CJ is in the domain of a language£, let us call CJ a sentence of£. The entit...

I am pleased to be invited to reflect on the contemporary American jury for this issue of the Criminal Law Brief. In thinking about legal developments, new research findings, and the continuing swirl of controversy over this venerable American institution, I observe the same paradoxical condition that Charles Dickens found in 18 entury London: “It was the best of times; it was the worst of imes...

INTRODUCTION The English jury evokes passionate and often extreme views. On the one hand, trial by jury is vigorously defended as an ancient right, a bastion of liberty, and a means whereby the ordinary person’s common sense views can inform decisions and contain the powers of government. On the other hand, the jury is regarded much more cynically as a costly, sometimes incompetent anachronism ...

We consider two basic aspects of juries that must decide on guilt verdicts, namely the size of juries and their composition in situations where society consists of sub-populations. We refer to the actual jury that needs to provide a verdict as the 'first jury', and as their judgement should reflect that of society, we consider an imaginary 'second jury' to represent society. The focus is mostly...

This study was designed to assess jury decision-making for 289 participants reading a medical malpractice vignette as a function of participant type (undergraduate students or jury panelists), punitive damage award apportionment (none, half, or all to the plaintiff), and compensation previously assigned to the plaintiff (low, medium, or high). We found several sample differences. Overall, jury ...

Korea introduced civil participation in criminal trials (jury trials) for the first time in the nation’s history on January 1, 2008. The Korean jury system incorporates both the U.S.-style jury system and the German lay assessor system to assess the actual experience of citizen participation in trials during the initial five year experimental phase. This Article first delineates the background ...

Abstract In light of increasing pressure to deliver climate action targets and the growing role citizens in raising importance issue, deliberative democratic processes (e.g. citizen juries assemblies) on change are increasingly being used provide a voice decision-making. Through comparative case study two that ran UK 2019 (the Leeds Climate Change Citizens’ Jury Oxford Assembly Change), this pa...

OBJECTIVE Cancer screening policies and programmes should take account of public values and concerns. This study sought to determine the priorities, values and concerns of men who were 'fully informed' about the benefits and harms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening; and empirically examine the value of a community jury in eliciting public values on PSA screening. SETTING Community j...