BACKGROUND Reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes have led to smoking fewer cigarettes, withdrawal relief, and facilitation of cessation. The aim of this study is to examine the effects RNC cigarettes with and without nicotine patch and patch alone on smoking behavior, toxicant exposure, withdrawal discomfort, and as an exploratory analysis, on long-term abstinence. METHODS This study invo...

OBJECTIVE To estimate changes since 1976 in the proportion of San Francisco pharmacies that sell cigarettes and to characterise the advertising of cigarettes and the merchandising of non-prescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products in these retail establishments. METHODS AND SETTING 100 randomly selected San Francisco pharmacies were visited in 2003. Pharmacies were characterised ...


 Indonesia is a developing country. as country, takes advantage of state revenue from Customs and Excise. Excise held responsible by the Directorate General Customs. One things he for cigarettes. Even though cigarette customs excise authority has been held, The legal permits marked still not acquired companies with stamps in city Medan, which these have committed violations. This study ai...

Background: The prevalence of e-cigarette use among adolescents is on the rise worldwide and in Arab region as well. Youth are amongst different age groups who mostly affected by this practice. Objective: purpose study was to assess knowledge attitudes Jordanian adolescent students toward e-cigarettes. Methods: A cross-sectional conducted using a convenience sample 500 male school students. sel...

BACKGROUND Iran is one of two main target markets for tobacco smuggling in the WHO's Eastern Mediterranean Region. The Iranian government has a local tobacco monopoly but there is high demand for international brands. Informal reports show about 20% of cigarette consumption is smuggled brands. This pack survey study is the first in Iran to gather validated information on use of smuggled cigaret...

the objectives of this work were to study the association of maternal smoking habits with stillbirths, abortions, neonatal deaths, birth weights, placental weights and the outcomes on the 28(th) day of life.a questionnaire was developed and completed with the hospitals' recorded data collected over a period of 5 years from 47,000 babies born in several hospitals in ontario, canada. the mothers ...

BACKGROUND Maternal smoking is a risk factor for low birth weight and other adverse developmental outcomes. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the impact of standard tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes on heart development in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used to assess developmental effects in vivo and cardiac differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) wa...

OBJECTIVES Classify and describe the policy approaches used by countries to regulate e-cigarettes. METHODS National policies regulating e-cigarettes were identified by (1) conducting web searches on Ministry of Health websites, and (2) broad web searches. The mechanisms used to regulate e-cigarettes were classified as new/amended laws, or existing laws. The policy domains identified include r...

BACKGROUND Little research has been done to examine whether smokers switch to illegal or roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes in response to a change in their relative price. OBJECTIVE This paper explores how relative prices between three cigarette forms (manufactured legal, manufactured illegal and RYO cigarettes) are associated with the choice of one form over another after controlling for covari...