Since the introduction of the Pap smear by George Papanicolaou, cervical cytology has become the main diagnostic tool to detect cervical cancer. Nowadays cervical cytology is not only used for the detection of overt cancer cells, but also for finding precursor lesions of cervical cancer—that is, cervical intraepithelial lesions grades I–III (CIN). The success of cervical cytology has often been...

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the world and the most common cancer in developing countries. Pap smear is and effective tool that can prevent death due to cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to doing regular Pap-smear test based on the theory of planned behavior. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, conducte...

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer prevention is performed by taking Pap smears. The correct execution of the smear is crucial as an inadequate smear might result in underdiagnosis. The second means of cervical cancer prevention is visual inspection of the cervix uteri with acetic acid, while often both methods are combined. We investigated whether the application of acetic acid compromises the Pap sme...

Conventional Papanicolaou smear method is still commonly used for cervical cancer screening in Japan, despite the liquid-based cytology (LBC) that has become a global tendency in the world recently. One of the obstacles in the way of popularization of this method seems to be the confusion as to diagnosis upon cervical glandular lesions. We performed comparison study between LBC and conventional...

Introduction: Cervical cancer ranks second worldwide as a disease that causes death in women. Healthcare providers have low cervical screening behavior with the Pap smear method. This study aimed to analyze relationship between perceptions of self-efficacy and using Smear method for health care providers.Methods: descriptive observational study, namely case cross-sectional design, was applied t...

Background and Purpose: Cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in the world. Cervical cancer is no symptoms and can be treated if diagnosed in the first stage of the disease. The aim of this study was to survey the affecting factors of the Pap smears test on perceptual factors, enabling and reinforcing (PEN-3) model constructs in women. Materials and Methods:...

The reading programs at Rhode Island College, Providence College and Roger Williams University selected the book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot, as required summer reading for incoming freshman last year. This book is a nonfiction biography of a poor, black, working mother of five children who died of cervical cancer at the age of 31. The work is a masterpiece of invest...

OBJECTIVE This study sought to examine the sources of inequity in health examination service utilization by women from underdeveloped areas in western China. METHODS Based on data from the 5th National Health Service Survey in Shaanxi province, women's utilization of health examination services was examined according to gynecological, cervical smear, and breast examination rates. The equity o...

This study examines the reliability and validity of the scores of Cervical Smear Belief Inventory (CSBI) among Chinese women in Taiwan. Women who were nonadherent to cervical screening guidelines were recruited (N = 424). Reliabilities showed good internal consistency for the perceived Pros, Cons, and Susceptibility scales (a ranged from .78 to .87). Factor analysis showed good construct validi...