Cryptography and certification are considered necessary Internet features and must be used together, for example in ecommerce. This work deals with certification issues and reviews the three most common methods in use today, which are based on X.509 Certificates and Certification Authorities (CAs), PGP and, SKIP. These methods are respectively classified as directory, referral and collaborative...

Non-financial auditing and third-party certification of management systems (such as the ISO 9000 quality management system) is becoming a pervasive activity amongst an increasing number of firms and their supply chains. Though the literature has paid substantial attention to adopting firms, there has been little focus on the interrelationship between third-party certifiers and adopting firms. B...

Board certification has been part of the social contract in which physicians commit to maintaining up-to-date scientific knowledge and improving the quality of patient care. However, the maintenance of certification program has been controversial. This review summarizes the philosophical underpinnings, published literature, recent improvements, and future directions of the American Board of Ped...

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION • Board Certification: Pediatric Infectious Disease, American Board of Pediatrics (2013) • MPH, Harvard School of Public Health , Clinical Effectiveness (2013) • Board Certification, Pediatric Infectious Diseases , American Board of Pediatrics (2013) • Fellowship: Boston Children's Hospital (2013) MA • Board Certification: Pediatrics, American Board of Pediatrics (2009) •...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE NIH Stroke Scale certification is required for participation in modern stroke clinical trials and as part of good clinical care in stroke centers. The existing training and certification videotapes, however, are more than 10 years old and do not contain an adequate balance of patient findings. METHODS After producing a new NIHSS training and demonstration DVD, we select...

When communities of organic farmers began certifying ecologically friendly agriculture, they could never have guessed how prominent the certification model would become. Nearly four decades later, consumers can buy products not just from certified farms, but also certified forests, fisheries, and factories – with standards pertaining not only to the environment, but also to " social " condition...

During the last decade, forest certification has gained momentum as a market-based conservation strategy in tropical forest countries. Certification has been promoted to enhance forest management in countries where governance capacities are insufficient to adequately manage natural resources and enforce pertinent regulations, given that certification relies largely on non-governmental organisat...

Abstract: Context. Many safety-critical systems are subject to safety certification as a way of providing assurance that these systems cannot unduly harm people, property or the environment. Creating the requisite evidence for certification can be a challenging task due to the sheer size of the textual standards based on which certification is performed and the amenability of these standards to...