Techniques (push-pull cannula, cup, brain ventricles perfusion) allowing estimation of the amount of the ACh released in vivo from the brain are described. The main attention is paid to biochemical, physiological and morphological factors influencing the amount of ACh released and available for estimation. Conditions of experiments for each of these techniques are described in details. The amou...

In cases of hydrocephalus, echoes from the region of the cerebral median segittal plane may show a fluttering variation both in amplitude and range. Evidence is presented that, in the case studied, these movements arose from the falx cerebri and that they were caused by ballistocardiac forces presumably setting the CSF in the enlarged lateral ventricles into resonance within the enlarged craniu...

Four cerebral ventricles exist in mammals and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills the ventricles. Hydrocephalus is induced by overproduction of CSF, defective absorption of CSF, and obstruction of flow. Ependymal cells, a type of glial cell, are simple columnar epithelium cells lining the ventricles of the brain and the ventricular surface of ependymal cells is covered with motile cilia. CSF flows ...

During the Middle Ages it was widely believed that the various mental faculties-sensation, cognition, memory, and so forth-were each located in a specific part of the three ventricles that were thought to be housed in the brain. The origin of this scheme was commonly attributed to the ancient scholars, but it was rare for a specific individual to be identified as the originator. Modern research...

OBJECTIVE Programmable shunt valve systems have improved the management of patients with hydrocephalus. However, associated problems such as over-drainage and slit-like ventricles, even in patients with anti-siphon devices installed, still remain unresolved. METHODS We conceived a novel tandem shunt valve system to overcome the problems with existing shunt valve systems. Experiments were perf...

Cilia lining the surfaces of the brain ventricles may be responsible for the graded distribution of chemorepellents that drive the directed migration of neurons.

The meningioma (ME) was originally described by Virchow in 1863 as a tumor originating from meningothelial cells that are usually found within leptomeninges and the choroid plexi of the ventricles, with a preference for the supratentorial area. Any area that is covered by the leptomeninges, however, is potentially a site of origin for meningiomas. The first report of an exclusively intracanalic...

Insertion of valved tubes connecting the cerebral ventricles and the heart is now the method of choice for dealing with progressive hydrocephalus in children. About 1,000 of these operations are performed yearly in the United Kingdom. The general results of this treatment are being studied in a number of centres and it is too early to express conclusions about it. It seems useful, however, to p...