In the process of neuronal inflammation, an increased in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) from immune cells (leukocytes and macrophages), brain cells (microglia, astrocytes and neurons) and in hippocampus, amygdala occurs. Raise the level of cytokines result in reduced in production of molecules that are related to plasticity, especially BDNF, IGF-1 and VEGF. Microglia ...

A major problem for neuroscientists and clinicians is why the central nervous system shows ineffective regeneration after injury. Injured peripheral nerve fibers reform their connections, whereas those in injured spinal cord never re-grow. Insights into the mechanisms for repair and restoration of function after spinal cord injury have been obtained by experiments showing that injured nerve cel...

background and objectives: multiple sclerosis (ms) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with more than 5.2 million people across the world being afflicted with. magnetic resonance im­aging (mri) is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of ms. this study surveys the results of mri of the central nervous system and paranasal sinuses in the sample of ms patients in ker...

developmental venous anomaly (dva) is a common lesion formerly known as venous angioma. dvas drain normal brain parenchyma; however, parenchymal abnormalities surrounding dvas have been reported. unilateral putamen and caudate calcification in the drainage territory of dvas has so far been reported in 7 cases, all with deep venous drainage. we present two additional cases of dvas, one with supe...

abstract background: a tumefactive lesion of central nervous system (cns) is defined as a mass-like lesion with a size greater than 2 cm in brain (magnetic resonance imaging) mri. neuroimaging may help to distinguish the nature of a tumefactive lesion and therefore can prevent an unnecessary brain biopsy. method: in this paper, we have emphasized on determining the nature of a cns tumefactive l...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prescribing of analgesic agents in a defined South African patient population. DESIGN Retrospective drug utilisation study. SETTING Prescribing behaviour of a sample of 50 dispensing doctors in Port Elizabeth. Data were obtained from a medical aid which used a formulary system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percentage of central nervous system drugs that analgesics co...