b a c k g r o u n d & aim: today, one of the leading causes of pathogenicity and mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis is their failure to follow the treatment plan. the present research was con- ducted to compare effects of patient-centered  education with family-centered  education on adher- ence with the treatment program. methods & materials: this clinical trial was performed betwee...

Graph visualization is an important field in information visualization that is centered on the graphical display of graph-structured data. Yet real world data is rarely just graph-structured, but instead exhibits multiple facets, such as multivariate attributes, or spatial and temporal frames of reference. In an effort to display different facets of a graph, such a wealth of visualization techn...

In response to increasing Arctic temperatures, ice-rich permafrost landscapes are undergoing rapid changes. lowlands, polygonal ice wedges especially prone degradation. Melting of results in deepening troughs and the transition from low-centered high-centered ice-wedge polygons. This process has important implications for surface hydrology, as connectivity such determines rate drainage these lo...

For a graph G, the unraveled ball of radius r centered at vertex v is in universal cover G. We obtain lower bound on weighted spectral balls fixed with positive weights edges, which used to present an upper sth (where s≥2) smallest normalized Laplacian eigenvalue irregular graphs under minor assumptions. Moreover, when s=2, result may be regarded as Alon–Boppana type for class graphs.

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the annihilating-ideal graph of a commutative ring $r$ is denoted by $ag(r)$, whose vertices are all nonzero ideals of $r$ with nonzero annihilators and two distinct vertices $i$ and $j$ are adjacent if and only if $ij=0$. in this article, we completely characterize rings $r$ when $gr(ag(r))neq 3$.