background : health policy makers are concerned about protecting people from catastrophic health expenditures and subsequent impoverishment. this study aimed to describe the magnitude and distribution of catastrophic health expenditures in kermanshah western iran. methods : in this descriptive study, during may 2008, 189 households were chosen by “systematic random sampling” among the commu...

as an international legal instrument, the international health regulations (ihr) is internationally binding in 196 countries, especially in all the member states of the world health organization (who). the ihr aims to prevent, protect against, control, and respond to the international spread of disease and aims to cut out unnecessary interruptions to traffic and trade. to meet ihr requirements,...

BACKGROUND Catastrophic cervical spine injuries in football are rare but tragic events. PURPOSE To update the incidence of catastrophic cervical injuries in scholastic football players and identify new injury patterns. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed 196 incidents of catastrophic high school and collegiate football injuries reporte...

We use the Cox process (or a doubly stochastic Poisson process) to model the claim arrival process for catastrophic events. The shot noise process is used for the claim intensity function within the Cox process. The Cox process with shot noise intensity is examined by piecewise deterministic Markov process theory. We apply the model to price stop-loss catastrophe reinsurance contract and catast...

We use a doubly stochastic Poisson process (or the Cox process) to model the claim arrival process for catastrophic events. The shot noise process is used for the claim intensity function within the Cox process. The Cox process with shot noise intensity is examined by piecewise deterministic Markov process theory. We apply the Cox process incorporating the shot noise process as its intensity to...

Natural disasters often have catastrophic risks on insurance companies as well as on the insured. Using a very large dataset on homeowners’ insurance coverage by state, by firm, and by year for the 1984 to 2004 period, this paper documents the positive effect on losses and loss ratios of both unexpected catastrophes as well as large events that the authors term “blockbuster catastrophes.” Insur...

Catastrophe aversion and risk equity are important concepts in both risk management theory and practice. Keeney (1980) was the first to formally define these concepts. He demonstrated that the two concepts are always in conflict. Yet this result is based on the assumption that individual risks are independent and has thus limited relevance for real world catastrophic events. We extend Keeney’s ...

Global catastrophic biological risks (GCBRs) are defined by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security as biological events—deliberate, accidental, or emerging—that ‘‘could lead to sudden, extraordinary, widespread disaster.’’ There are a number of efforts to create a framework within which we can begin to address the almost incomprehensible consequences of these kinds of events. GCBRs compri...