A two-stage pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) is the simplest version of a multistage pulse tube refrigerator. A two-stage Gifford-McMahon (GM) has been used for nearly all of the cryopumps. The phasor analysis of the Gifford-McMahan (GM)-type pulse tube refrrigerator (PTR) have not explained detail in the earlier study. In the present work, a detailed mass flow, enthalpy & phasor analysis for a tw...

Although there is research focused on real-time traffic information, in terms of types of information, timing of provision and drivers’ acceptance, not much is related to quantifying real-time traffic information and its perceived value, i.e., amount of information and willingness to pay (WTP) for that information. In this study, freeway drivers’ preferred types of real-time traffic information...

We analyzed the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from different soils by using the PTR-MS-TOF technique under laboratory conditions and compared them with soil chemical biochemical activities. The emitted VOCs were related to soil microbial biomass, soil respiration and some soil enzyme activities so as to evaluate if size and activity of soil microbial communities influenced the soil ...

Many empirical studies have demonstrated large discrepancies between willingness to accept (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) measures. This paper examines the extent to which uncertainty about the environmental quality improvement can lead to a divergence between WTP and WTA measures. Indirect utility function parameters and uncertainty about the environmental quality change affect the extent ...

Most quality properties of food products can be considered as credence characteristics, quality of which cannot be inferred before the purchase, and sometimes not even after the purchase. Our objectives are: (1) To assess how much consumers are willing to pay (WTP) for meat products, of which e.g. origins and production practices are known, especially with regard to safety issues; (2) To compar...

Purpose The aim of this study is to estimate monetary abatement values for road and rail traffic noise that can be used for policy purposes. However, a main objective is to critically discuss the assumptions necessary to convert the monetary values elicited in willingness to pay (WTP) studies to values than can be use for policy purposes. Methods We employ the hedonic regression technique on Sw...

Random coefficient models such as mixed logit are increasingly being used to allow for random heterogeneity in willingness to pay (WTP) measures. In the most commonly used specifications, the distribution of WTP for an attribute is derived from the distribution of the ratio of individual coefficients. Since the cost coefficient enters the denominator, its distribution plays a major role in the ...

Finding the right pricing for music downloads is of ample importance to the recording industry and music download service providers. For the recently introduced music downloads, reference prices are still developing and to find a revenue maximizing pricing scheme is a challenging task. The most commonly used approach is to employ linear pricing (e.g., iTunes, musicload). Lately, subscription mo...

This study examines the determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) and their payment levels for ecological compensation of the Poyang Lake Wetland in China. We developed a farmer household survey and gathered 292 effective responses. The contingent valuation method (CVM) and Heckman’s two-step model were employed for the empirical study. Results show that 46.58% of farmers are willing to...

The meteorological service (MS) in Korea is provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), a governmental organization. This study attempts to measure the economic value of the national MS in the Korean household sector. Economic theory indicates that the economic value of a service is the area under the demand curve, which is the sum of the actual expenditure and the additional wil...