Clinical cases of vitamin E deficiencies have been diagnosed in camelids and may indicate that these species are more sensitive to inadequate vitamin E in hay-based diets compared to other ruminant and equine species. In bovine, cholesterol has been reported to affect vitamin E concentrations. In order to evaluate vitamin E deficiencies in camelids, the effects of collection and storage of the ...

In camelids, the development of assisted reproductive technologies is impaired by the viscous nature of the semen. The protease papain has shown promise in reducing viscosity, although its effect on sperm integrity is unknown. The present study determined the optimal papain concentration and exposure time to reduce seminal plasma viscosity and investigated the effect of papain and its inhibitor...

Of the three immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes described to occur in camelids, IgG2 and IgG3 are distinct in that they do not incorporate light chains. These heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) constitute approximately 50% of the IgG in llama serum and as much as 75% of the IgG in camel serum. We have produced isotype-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in order to investigate the roles of HCA...

During the late Initial Period (c. 1100-800 BC), Conchucos region of highland Peru witnessed formation ceremonial and “proto-urban” center Chavín de Huántar 1000-500/400 BC). An important question regarding centers on nature its subsistence economy during time when it was first founded. In this paper, we present new results from zooarchaeological, starch granule, stable isotope (δ 13 C δ 15 N) ...

The public profile of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) increased significantly as it became a more common agricultural species around the world and the focus of more intense modern breeding techniques and of genomic studies. The alpaca is 1 of 7 camelids that together occupy some of the world's most arid ecosystems and which have had large beneficial impacts on the human cultures in these areas. Toda...