Qualitative spatial and temporal reasoning is based on socalled qualitative calculi. Algebraic properties of these calculi have several implications on reasoning algorithms. But what exactly is a qualitative calculus? And to which extent do the qualitative calculi proposed meet these demands? The literature provides various answers to the first question but only few facts about the second. In t...

BACKGROUND Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) has been used as an alternative to cystotomy in human medicine to remove urinary calculi. This prospective study evaluated the efficacy and safety of EHL to remove urinary calculi in dogs. HYPOTHESIS EHL is an efficient and safe method of treatment of bladder and urethral calculi in dogs. METHODS Dogs presented between January 1, 2005 and June 1...

BACKGROUND Since the outbreak of renal diseases among children who had consumed melamine-tainted powdered formula in 2008, urinary system ultrasound examination was carried out for these children at our hospital. This study aimed to investigate the ultrasonographic characteristics of urolithiasis caused by melamine-tainted powdered formula. METHODS From September 12 to October 9, 2008, urinar...

Investigations concerning the description of languages in terms of categorial grammar started with examining concatenation as the only syntactic operation. Type reduction systems such as associative Ajdukiewicz or Lambek calculi, which admit concatenation of types in the calculus (and consequently concatenation of words in a language) as the expression-forming operation, were proved defective. ...

Rev Assoc Med Bras 2009; 2010; 56(1): 723-8 *Correspondence: Rua Barata Ribeiro, No 490 Sala 25 – Bela Vista São Paulo – Sp, Brazil Cep: 01309-000 AbstrACt Objective. To review developments in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary lithiasis. MethOds. A review of the most important articles on the subject published in Medline indexed periodicals between 1979 and 2009. Results. Stones occur with...

We consider two styles of proof calculi for a family of tense logics, presented in a formalism based on nested sequents. A nested sequent can be seen as a tree of traditional single-sided sequents. Our first style of calculi is what we call “shallow calculi”, where inference rules are only applied at the root node in a nested sequent. Our shallow calculi are extensions of Kashima’s calculus for...

This paper proves several generic variants of context lemmas and thus contributes to improving the tools for observational semantics of deterministic and non-deterministic higher-order calculi that use a small-step reduction semantics. The generic (sharing) context lemmas are provided for mayas well as two variants of must-convergence, which hold in a broad class of extended processand extended...

This paper develops a series of qualitative spatial calculi that feature topological relations. While most qualitative spatial calculi have targeted spatial relations between single-type objects, our calculi support spatial relations between heterogeneous combinations of objects. Thus, with our calculi, we can disambiguate topological arrangements of objects without regard to the types of the o...

DESCRIPTION Urethral calculi could be either classified as either primary or secondary calculi based on their origin. Primary calculi form in the urethra, whereas secondary calculi have their origin elsewhere in the urinary tract. True primary calculi are rare and they mostly form in prostatic and membranous part of urethra. 3 Secondary urethral calculi most commonly form in the bladder. Bladde...

We introduce proper display calculi for basic monotonic modal logic, the conditional logic CK and a number of their axiomatic extensions. These are sound, complete, conservative, enjoy cut elimination subformula property. Our proposal applies multi-type methodology in design calculi, starting from semantic analysis which motivates syntactic translations single-type non-normal logics to normal p...