Claudin-low breast cancer is a molecular type of breast cancer originally identified by gene expression profiling and reportedly associated with poor survival. Claudin-low tumors have been recognised to preferentially display a triple-negative phenotype, however only a minority of triple-negative breast cancers are claudin-low. We sought to identify an immunohistochemical profile for claudin-lo...

Background: Ras-associated domain family 1 (RASSF1A) and hypermethylated in cancer (HIC1) genes are methylated more frequently in breast cancer. Genetic factors that alter the DNA methylation levels in normal and tumor tissues could therefore influence the susceptibility to this tumor phenotype. Objective: We determined the frequency of aberrant methylation of HIC1 and RASSF1A gene promoters an...

fibroadenoma is the most common benign mass of breast in females 20-50 years of age. juvenile fibroadenoma accounts for only 4% of total fibroadenomas. moreover, the incidence of giant juvenile fibroadenoma is found to be only 0.5% of all fibroadenomas. a 15-year-old woman at the 12th week of gestation was referred to the shahid sadoughi hospital, yazd, iran because of a mass in the right breas...

methods in this research, we utilized the chaos theory and fractal analysis in the interpretation of breast tumors on dce-mri. this cross-sectional study was done at pardisnoor imaging center during years 2015 and 2016 in iran. our sample size was 18 mass lesions, which were randomly selected among patients with birad 3 and birad 4 classification by the expert radiologist. the analysis was perf...

Neuroendocrine tumors are rarely seen in the breast. They are commonly located in the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs. These tumors of the breast may be purely neuroendocrine or neuroendocrine diff erentiated. Some breast tumors may have neuroendocrine foci. The clinical signifi cance of these tumors are unclear. However, they are thought to have no relation with the prognosis and patient ...

Axillary lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in predicting disease outcome in women with breast cancer. A number of chromosomal aberrations in primary breast tumors have been correlated with lymph node status and clinical outcome, but chromosomal changes particular to metastatic lymph node tumors have not been well studied. DNA samples isolated from laser-microdissected pr...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to address the hypothesis that activatedmitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2) has a role in breast tumorigenesis, breast cancer progression, and the development of tamoxifen resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN H-score analysis and a specific antibody for the immunohistochemical detection of activated MAPK in fo...